Why are fibers birefringentbecause of the chemical makeup of the fiber

because the fiber is a natural fiber

because the fiber has long range order

because the fiber has a refractive index greater than 1.52

because the refractive index is less than 1.52

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Answer:

Because of the chemical makeup of the fiber.

Explanation:

The birefringence is the difference between the refractive index of a fiber in a direction at parallel to the fiber axis and in a direction at right angles. It is caused by asymmetric core shape for the two axes, and majorly one of the manufacturing imperfections. It helps in controlling polarization property inside the fiber.

Answer 2

Answer:

Inevitable manufacturing imperfections in optical fiber leads to birefringence, which is one cause of pulse broadening in fiber-optic communications. Such imperfections can be geometrical (lack of circular symmetry), due to stress applied to the optical fiber and/or due to bending of the fiber.

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When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium, a. the reaction is proceeding at its maximum rate.
b. there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products.
c. the reaction has stopped.
d. there are equivalent amounts of substrates and products.

Answers

Answer: b. there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products.

Explanation:

The reactions which do not go on completion and in which the reactant forms product and the products goes back to the reactants simultaneously are known as equilibrium reactions.

Equilibrium state is the state when reactants and products are present but the concentrations does not change with time.

$A\rightleftharpoons B$

For a chemical equilibrium reaction, equilibrium state is achieved when the rate of forward reaction becomes equals to rate of the backward reaction.

Sodium ion (Na+) and calcium ion (Ca2+) produce nearly the same color in a flame test (yellow and yellow-orange, respectively). Describe a way to differentiate between the two using a solution of Na2CO3 and write the correct balanced equation(s).

Answers

Sodium ion (Na+) and calcium ion (Ca2+) produce nearly the same color in a flame test. So you'll get 2 equations:
1) Na2CO3+2Na+→ Na2CO3+2Na+. It's referred to Na+
2) Ca2++Na2CO3→CaCO3+2Na. It's to Ca2+.
Hope, you'll find it useful.

Final answer:

You can differentiate between sodium and calcium ions using sodium carbonate by observing a precipitation reaction. Sodium carbonate reacts with calcium ions to form a solid precipitate of calcium carbonate, while sodium ions remain in solution.

Explanation:

To differentiate between the sodium ion (Na+) and the calcium ion (Ca2+) in a solution of Na2CO3, a type of precipitation reaction can be used. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) can react with calcium ions (Ca2+) to form calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and 2 sodium ions (Na+), which is a precipitate reaction. This is because calcium carbonate is insoluble in water and will form a solid precipitate, while sodium ions will remain in solution.

The balanced reaction equation is: Na2CO3(aq) + Ca2+(aq) → CaCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq).

As the sodium continues to exist in the solution and does not form a precipitate, it can be differentiated from the calcium.

Learn more about Differentiating Sodium and Calcium Ions here:

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Commercially valuable fish my face extinction even though fish are a renewable resource?true
false?

Answers

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Igneous rocks with an andesitic composition ________.

Answers

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Two students are working together on an experiment that measures the effect of different liquid fertilizers on the thickness of plants’ stems. Which is most likely to result in the greatest amount of error in their scientific experiment?

Answers

Since you don't have any choices presented for the question, I'll just proceed on discussing possible errors that would be made in this scientific experiment.

The errors could root from:
-measurement of the thickness incosistently (at different times of the day)
-the instrument used is different in each measurement
-no regard of significant figures
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What is water classified as