Since the 15th. Century, the Ottoman Empire controlled nearly all the important trade routes in the old world. As it had a strong economy, it also had a strong army, wealth, technology, and production. But it came to an end in 1922.
The developments that contributed to the end of the Ottoman Empire were that the Ottoman Empire began to decline by European intervention in their area (the penetration of European merchant capital caused economic problems).
The outcome of Western Europe's modern economic system contributed to European military technology was another reason for the Ottoman decline.
Besides, the Ottoman Empire had internal problems like rebellions (many Young Turks wanted to reform their country to become a modern nation-state). These problems influenced its power as a great empire in the world.
Other development that influenced the Ottoman Empire decline was the naval defeated at Lepanto in 1571 and the failure of the second siege of Vienna in 1683.
In 1776 author Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet called "Common Sense", which was a compilation of his arguments in favor of the american independence from the British crown.
Paine's Common Sense was one of the most influential pamphlets of the time, as it helped to spread the ideas of the importance for every colonial citizen to fight for independence. This movement that the author helped to begin was later transformed in the Revolution, and lastly in the Declaration of Independence of the United States.
During the Revolutionary War period, Thomas Paine's pamphlet 'Common Sense' played an influential role in rallying support for independence and a republican form of government among colonists. The accessibility of his arguments due to his plain, direct language helped to democratize the discourse around independence and republicanism.
Thomas Paine's Common Sense was an influential pamphlet during the Revolutionary War period. Paine wrote this pamphlet in plain, direct language, making it accessible to ordinary people and not just the learned elite. This played a key part in rallying support for the cause of independence from Great Britain and rejecting monarchy.
Common Sense was first published in January 1776, a year which saw a rising groundswell of support for independence among colonists who felt they were not being granted the same rights as Englishmen in Great Britain. Paine's impactful arguments in Common Sense significantly contributed to this shift in attitude. He advocated for a republic: a state without a king, a radical concept during a period dominated by monarchies.
The powerful messaging of Common Sense and its widespread availability across all thirteen colonies played a pivotal role in shaping the discourse of independence and republicanism. In essence, Paine empowered colonists to envision and believe in an alternative to monarchic rule, marking the beginning of a revolutionary change in political philosophy.
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The Code of Hammurabi was one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, proclaimed by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, who reigned from 1792 to 1750 B.C. Hammurabi expanded the city-state of Babylon along the Euphrates River to unite all of southern Mesopotamia. The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice. Hammurabi’s Code was carved onto a massive, finger-shaped black stone stele (pillar) that was looted by invaders and finally rediscovered in 1901.