In general terms, what was the one-child policy? What were two exceptions to the policy?

Only 35% of Chinese are subject to the one-child policy due to the numerous exceptions to law. The Chinese government allows rural families to have two children if their first-born is a girl in order to allow families to have more children to help in the fields and to prevent the gendercide of females (Hays).

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Final answer:

The one-child policy was an initiative by the Chinese government from 1980 to 2016 to control population growth by limiting urban couples to one child. Exceptions were made for rural families when the first child was a girl and for minority ethnic groups. The policy significantly impacted China's demographic and social landscape.

Explanation:

The one-child policy was a rule implemented by the People's Republic of China in 1980 to control rapid population growth. It was required that urban couples could only have one child, and violations of the policy were met with fines and demerits. The policy led to a substantial slowdown in the population growth of China, but it also led to an increase in both the average age of the population and male percentage due to a cultural preference for male children.

Fortunately, there were two notable exceptions to the one-child policy. Firstly, if the first child was a girl, some rural families were permitted to have a second child after a gap of several years. This exception was granted due to traditional preferences for male heirs. Secondly, minority ethnic groups were exempted from the policy entirely.

This strict policy lifted in 2016 as a response to the aging population and gender imbalance which it created. The impact of this policy will continue to affect China demographically and socially for generations to come.

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