B. jobs programs
C. economic recovery
D. 4 incentives
The answer is: Separate but Equal
Separate but equal is a doctrine that often used by supporters of racial segregation to justify their discriminatory treatment to African American Citizens. Through this doctrine, they created different public infrastructure for white and black citizens (such as different restrooms, schools, bus seats, etc).
1.Did Congress have the authority to establish the bank?
2.Did the Maryland law unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers?
Watch the below video to review more details about this court case and its setup.
Chief Justice John Marshall, in the Supreme Court’s opinion from McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), in which the Court had to decide whether the Constitution gave Congress the power to create a national bank:
“[The] Constitution [is] intended to endure for ages to come, and consequently to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs. To have prescribed the means by which Government should, in all future time, execute its powers would have been to change entirely the character of the instrument and give it the properties of a legal code. It would have been an unwise attempt to provide by immutable rules for exigencies which, if foreseen at all, must have been seen dimly, and which can be best provided for as they occur.”
What does Chief Justice Marshall say about the Constitution's adaptability? Based on this quote, would Marshall be considered to be a loose constructionist or an originalist? Explain why you think this. Write in complete sentences and in your own words.
In 1816, Congress chartered The Second Bank of the United States - a national bank. In 1818, the state of Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the national bank. James W. McCulloch, the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the national bank, refused to pay the tax.
Did Congress have the authority to establish the bank?Yes they did. Under the Necessary and Proper Clause Chief Justice John Marshall stated that congress had the right to “make all laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers”
Did the Maryland law unconstitutionally interfere with congressional powers? Yes , the State of Maryland did not have the right to tax the National Bank and the Federal Government under the Supremacy Clause in the constitution which makes Federal Law superior to State law.
What does Chief Justice Marshall say about the Constitution's adaptability?
He says that since the constitution was intended to last. It is adaptable to the new circumstances human affairs create. He explains the constitution does not intend to curtail or impose the instruments by which the government should make use of its power. It would have been “unwise” to try and foresee all difficulties and create a set of rules to regulate all aspects ” which can be best provided for as they occur.”
Would Marshall be considered to be a loose constructionist or an originalist?
Based on this quote, Mashall would be considered a loose constructionist. He tells us of an adaptable constitution that is intended to be interpreted according to the circumstance of the present moment.