11. What was the goal of the campaign known as Freedom Summer?A. To fight segregation in schools
B. To push for greater First Amendment freedoms
C. To push for a removal of the income tax
D. To push for expanded voting rights for African Americans

12. What was the result of the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961?
A. The Cuban counter revolutionaries failed and Kennedy was embarrassed.
B. The Cuban counter revolutionaries successfully gained ground in Cuba.
C. Cuban forces gained ground in Puerto Rico.
D. Fidel Castro stepped down as leader of Cuba.

13. Which president pushed through Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
A. Richard Nixon
B. John F. Kennedy
C. Lyndon Johnson
D. Dwight Eisenhower

14. Which of the following best describes Dr. Martin Luther King's strategy of protesting?
A. Peacefully lobbying members of Congress without causing a disturbance
B. Nonviolent civil disobedience
C. Refusing to work until reforms were made
D. Violent protest

15. Which of the following was part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
A. Discrimination in employment based on race was banned.
B. Segregation in schools was declared unconstitutional.
C. African Americans gained the right to vote.
D. Poll taxes were eliminated.

16. What's the name given to the government practice of borrowing money to spend more than is collected in taxes?
A. Surplus spending
B. Credit economy
C. Deficit spending
D. Borrower's economy

17. Why did some Americans oppose the war in Vietnam?
A. They felt the United States should never use military force.
B. They felt there was a lack of progress.
C. They wanted communism to spread.
D. They wanted to focus war efforts on the Soviet Union instead.

18. Which of the following describes the North Vietnamese and Vietcong's war strategy?
A. Avoid defeat until the Americans gave up
B. Rely on China to send troops to help the war effort
C. Attack the Americans in large military confrontations
D. Push the Americans with large scale bombing raids

19. What was one result of the creation of the interstate highway system?
A. Local roads were no longer being built.
B. More Americans moved into the inner cities.
C. More Americans were now able to move to the suburbs.
D. Plane travel dropped dramatically.

20. What was the topic of the book The Other America?
A. Racism was widespread in America.
B. Poverty was widespread in America.
C. Americans needed more highways.
D. Education was lacking in America.

11. D. To push for expanded voting rights for African Americans

Freedom Summer was also known as the Mississippi Summer Project.  It occurred in the summer of 1964, aimed at getting more black Americans in Mississippi registered to vote.

12. A. The Cuban counter revolutionaries failed and Kennedy was embarrassed.

The Bay of Pigs invasion was carried out by Cuban exiles that had been trained by the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).  Within just  days, the force of exiles was soundly defeated by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, commanded by Fidel Castro.   In the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs affair, Cuba requested that the USSR, as its communist sponsor, place missiles in Cuba to deter further US-sponsored action against the Castro regime.  

13. C. Lyndon Johnson

Johnson continued the push for civil rights that had been started by President John F. Kennedy.  After JFK's assassination, President Johnson said in an address to Congress:  "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long."  The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed within months after the Kennedy assassination.  

14. B. Nonviolent civil disobedience

Martin Luther King's principles of non-violence said:

• You can resist evil without resorting to violence.
• Non-violence seeks to create friendship and understanding, not humiliate those who oppose you.
• It is evil itself that must be opposed, rather than seeing the people committing evil acts as the enemy.
• Being committed to non-violence means being willing to suffer, if necessary, for the sake of what is right.
• Non-violence applies to the attitude of our hearts as well as to outward actions.
• Those pursuing change through non-violent means maintain hope for the future and work patiently toward that day of better justice.

15. A. Discrimination in employment based on race was banned.

There were a number of facets of the Civil Rights Act.  In terms of employment, the act laid down clear guidelines: "It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; or to limit, segregate, or classify his employees in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." 

16. C. Deficit spending

In fiscal 2017, the US government's deficit spending was $668 billion, which was $82 billion more than deficit spending had been in 2016.  We're on pace for an even bigger increase in 2018.  Deficit spending for the first half of fiscal 2018 was $598 billion, and the Treasury Department expects to have to borrow over $700 billion for the second half of the fiscal year.

17. B. They felt there was a lack of progress.

When the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong launched the Tet Offensive in 1968, Cronkite, known as "the most trusted man in America," offered a television editorial that reflected and further shaped the nation's mood.  Cronkite said in a broadcast in February, 1968:  "It seems now more certain than ever, that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate. To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past.  To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, if unsatisfactory conclusion."

18. A. Avoid defeat until the Americans gave up

While the United States held a tremendous advantage in funding and firepower, the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong held the advantage of fighting for goals they believed in and knowing how to hold their ground in Vietnamese territory.

19. C. More Americans were now able to move to the suburbs.

Population growth after World War II was a cause of expansion of cities into suburbs.  The prices of homes in suburbs were more affordable to middle class families, due to lower land prices and new building practices like tract housing.  With the growth of the suburbs, improvement of roadways became a priority.  The Federal-Aid Highway Act passed in 1956 advanced and enabled further growth of the suburbs surrounding city centers.

20. B. Poverty was widespread in America.

Away from the nation's affluent suburbs was another country, one inhabited by the poor, the ill-fed, the ill-housed, and the ill-educated. This was the assertion made by author Michael Harrington in his 1962 book, The Other America: Poverty in the United States.  Harrington's book had an impact on the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.  President Johnson's "Great Society" plans aimed to address the problems of poverty in America.