In the United States, the concept of political parties began during the administration ofA) Andrew Jackson
B) Franklin D. Roosevelt
C) George Washington
D) Abraham Lincoln

The right alternative is "plate tectonics suggests that the (b. asthenosphere) floats and moves on the  (b. lithosphere  )"

Here is a quick explanation:

Plate Tectonics is a theory of geology that describes the large-scale movements that occur in the Earth's lithosphere.   In the theory of plate tectonics, the outermost part of the Earth is composed of two layers: the lithosphere, which includes the crust and the solidified zone in the outermost part of the mantle, and the asthenosphere, which includes the innermost and viscous part of the mantle On a time scale of millions of years, the mantle seems to behave like a superheated liquid, but in response to sudden forces, like the earthquakes, behaves like a rigid solid. The lithosphere is divided in several tectonic plates and these moving over the asthenosphere.

Answer:   Within scientific disciplines, discovery is the observation of new phenomena, actions, or events which helps explain knowledge gathered through previously acquired scientific evidence. ... Discovery is made by providing observational evidence and attempts to develop an initial, rough understanding of some phenomenon.

Explanation:

Correct answer:  E. policy of massive retaliation

Answer A is similar, but is incorrect, because at the time Dulles was proposing a policy of massive retaliation, the nuclear arms race had not yet escalated to the point of "mutually assured destruction."  The term "mutually assured destruction" (MAD) was not coined until 1962, by Donald Brennan, an analyst at the Hudson Institute.

Context/detail:

John Foster Dulles was Secretary of State under President Eisenhower.  He held the office from 1953 to 1959.  He wanted a change from what had been the "containment policy" which the US had followed during the Truman Administration, as recommended then by American diplomat George F. Kennan.   Dulles felt the containment approach put the United States in a weak position, because it only was reactive, trying to contain  communist aggression when it occurred.

Dulles sought to push America's policy in a more active direction; some have labeled his approach "brinksmanship."  In an article in LIFE magazine in 1956, Dulles said, "The ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art."  He wasn't afraid to threaten massive retaliation against communist enemy countries as a way of intimidating them.