Consider this animal cell.

Answer:

The central dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information, from DNA ?to RNA?, to make a functional product, a protein?.

The central dogma suggests that DNA contains the information needed to make all of our proteins, and that RNA is a messenger that carries this information to the ribosomes?.

The ribosomes serve as factories in the cell where the information is ‘translated’ from a code into the functional product.

The process by which the DNA instructions are converted into the functional product is called gene expression?.

Gene expression has two key stages - transcription? and translation?.

In transcription, the information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small, portable RNA messages.

During translation, these messages travel from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes where they are ‘read’ to make specific proteins.

The central dogma states that the pattern of information that occurs most frequently in our cells is:

From existing DNA to make new DNA (DNA replication?)

From DNA to make new RNA (transcription)

From RNA to make new proteins (translation).

Illustration showing the flow of information between DNA, RNA and protein.

An illustration showing the flow of information between DNA, RNA and protein.

Image credit: Genome Research Limited

Reverse transcription is the transfer of information from RNA to make new DNA, this occurs in the case of retroviruses, such as HIV?. It is the process by which the genetic information from RNA is assembled into new DNA.

Does the ‘Central Dogma’ always apply?

With modern research it is becoming clear that some aspects of the central dogma are not entirely accurate.

Current research is focusing on investigating the function of non-coding RNA?.

Although this does not follow the central dogma it still has a functional role in the cell.  

Explanation:

<#3. atp energy> it is an organic material made in the cell.

Answer:Natural selection is the process in nature by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more than those less adapted to their environment.For example, tree frogs are sometimes eaten by snakes and birds. Gray Tree frogs blend well in dark wooded areas on tree bark and Green Tree frogs blend in well with green vegetation found in marshes and swamps. A Green Tree frog on the bark of a tree is easier for a predator to find, compared to a Green Tree frog on a green leaf. So, Green Tree frogs that go into habitats where they are not camouflaged are more likely to be eaten by predators. Since Tree frogs that have been eaten do not live to have any more baby Tree frogs, natural selection has favored Tree frogs that live in habitats in which they are more camouflaged.

Answer:

In a habitat there are red bugs and green bugs. The birds prefer the taste of the red bugs, so soon there are many green bugs and few red bugs. The green bugs reproduce and make more green bugs and eventually there are no more red bugs.