Answer: Glucose is the only sugar used by the body to provide energy for its tissues. Therefore, all digestible polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides must eventually be converted into glucose or a metabolite of glucose by various liver enzymes. Because of its significant importance to proper cellular function, blood glucose levels must be kept relatively constant. Among the enormous metabolic activities the liver performs, it also includes regulating the level of blood glucose. During periods of food consumption, pancreatic beta cells sense the rise in blood glucose and begin to secrete the hormone insulin. Insulin binds to many cells in the body having appropriate receptors for the peptide hormone and causes a general uptake in cellular glucose. In the liver, insulin causes the uptake of glucose as well as the synthesis of glycogen, a glucose storage polymer. In this way, the liver is able to remove excessive levels of blood glucose through the action of insulin.In contrast, the hormone glucagons is secreted into the bloodstream by pancreatic alpha cells upon sensing falling levels of blood glucose. Upon binding to targeted cells such as skeletal muscle and brain cells, glucagon acts to decrease the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. This hormone inhibits the uptake of glucose by muscle and other cells and promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver in order to release glucose into the blood. Glucagon also promotes gluconeogenesis, a process involving the synthesis of glucose from amino acid precursors. Through the effects of both glucagon and insulin, blood glucose can usually be regulated in concentrations between 70 and 115mg/100 ml of blood.Other hormones of importance in glucose regulation are epinephrine and cortisol. Both hormones are secreted from the adrenal glands, however, epinephrine mimics the effects of glucagon while cortisol mobilizes glucose during periods of emotional stress or exercise.Despite the liver's unique ability to maintain homeostatic levels of blood glucose, it only stores enough for a twenty-four hour period of fasting. After twenty four hours, the tissues in the body that preferentially rely on glucose, particularly the brain and skeletal muscle, must seek an alternative energy source. During fasting periods, when the insulin to glucagons ratio is low, adipose tissue begins to release fatty acids into the bloodstream. Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains consisting of single carboxylic acid group and are not very soluble in water. Skeletal muscle begins to use fatty acids for energy during resting conditions; however, the brain cannot afford the same luxury. Fatty acids are too long and bulky to cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, proteins from various body tissues are broken down into amino acids and used by the liver to produce glucose for the brain and muscle. This process is known as gluconeogenesis or "the production of new glucose." If fasting is prolonged for more than a day, the body enters a state called ketosis. Ketosis comes from the root word ketones and indicates a carbon atom with two side groups bonded to an oxygen atom. Ketones are produced when there is no longer enough oxaloacetate in the mitochondria of cells to condense with acetyl CoA formed from fatty acids. Oxaloacetate is a four-carbon compound that begins the first reaction of the Krebs Cycle, a cycle containing a series of reactions that produces high-energy species to eventually be used to produce energy for the cell. Since oxaloacetate is formed from pyruvate (a metabolite of glucose), a certain level of carbohydrate is required in order to burn fats. Otherwise, fatty acids cannot be completely broken down and ketones will be produced.
Carbohydrates carry out various functions in our bodies such as providing and storing energy, providing structural support, and aiding in various biological roles. However, they do not play a role in the production of hormones.
Carbohydrates serve several critical functions in the body. They are broken down into glucose, contributing to energy production as ATP through metabolic pathways required for cellular function. They form a part of our diet in the form of grains, fruits, and vegetables and provide the necessary energy for our daily activities. Organisms use carbohydrates for diverse functions, including energy storage and structural support. Glycogen in animals and starch in plants are examples of carbohydrates used for energy storage. As for structural support, the modified polysaccharide chitin in fungi and animals or the polysaccharide cellulose in plants serve this purpose. Apart from these, sugars like ribose and deoxyribose form the backbones of RNA and DNA, respectively.
In a nutshell, carbohydrates supply energy, store energy, support structural roles, and aid in various other biological roles like in the immune system and cell-cell recognition. When there is an excess of carbohydrates, they are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen, or converted into fat in adipose cells. However, one role that carbohydrates do not serve in the body is the production of hormones, which is mainly carried out by proteins and lipids.
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Answer:
protons
Explanation:
when the atom is neutro, the number of protons is the same at electrons. the charges are in equilibrium.
Answer:
He discovered the cell nucleus and realized that inside the nucleus there was an unknown chemical substance. That substance was DNA.
Explanation:
Who discovered the DNA was Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss biochemist with great talent. Miescher, using substance precipitation techniques, such as pH changes in the medium, was able to discover and isolate the cell nucleus. Inside the nucleus he was able to isolate a previously unknown substance. It was the nucleic acid, DNA, which, at the moment, with the technology available until then, presented itself only as a white, flocculent precipitate, which Miescher would later call nuclein.
In 1869, Friedrich Miescher isolated "nuclein," DNA with associated proteins, from cell nuclei. He was the first to identify DNA as a distinct molecule. Phoebus Levene was an organic chemist in the early 1900's. He is perhaps best known for his incorrect tetranucleotide hypothesis of DNA.
To sum it up the answer is yes.
The answer is Gly-Ser-Arg
Answer:
Gly-Ser-Arg
Explanation:
B) Oxygen, sulfates, and one or more nonmetals
C) Carbonates, oxyen, and one or more organic compounds
D) Silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals
D, your answer is said...