Answer:
Que.1
Standard IV solution used as a blood volume expander (0.9% NaCl is commonly used)
HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC.
Answer- isotonic.
The standard 0.9 % Nacl solution is isotonic. A solution is isotonic if it is of equal solute concentrations with the surrounding environment. Therefore, 0.9 % Nacl solution will not gain or lose fluid via osmosis across its wall. Rather its intravenous introduction will be at the same concentration with the intracelluar fluid leading to expansion in volume.
Que;2
Type of edema in the lower extremities
DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT.
Answer-Dependent
Accumulation of blood in body tissues (Oedema) usually occurs due to effect of gravity on the body. Gravitational force pulls body fluid towards the extremities and lower part of the body.Therefore fluids accumulates under the skin, trapped in the veins of leg (especially from prolong standing), feet and hands. It may also be as a result of complication from medication, or pregnancy term is called Dependent Oedema. Because it is gravity-related Oedema.
Que 3.
Increases sodium and water retention by the kidneys
RENIN ALDOSTERONE
Answer-Aldosterone
In condition of lower blood volume, lower salt level or increse blood pressure,one of the compensatory mechanism is the release of hormone Aldosterone from the pituitary gland, under the influence adreno cortico tropic hormone The Aldosterone stimulate the walls of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to increase re-absorption of sodium ions, from the urine, sweat and gut back into the blood. Water follow by osmosis. This raises the water level of the blood with corresponding increase blood volume, reduction in salt balance and drop in blood pressure.
Que-4.
The main intracellular cation
POTASSIUM MAGNESIUM
Answer:Potassium
This is the main intracellular cations of the cell. It concentration is maintained by the activities of sodium-potassium pump along cell membrane. These pump made of channel of protein regulate the movement of potassium ions in and out of the cells. Its positive charge(together with that some anions) is responsible for the positive charges in the intracellular layer.
Que;
Fluid sequestration in the body cavities
PITTING EDEMA /'THIRD SPACE ACCUMULATION.
Answer; third space.
The space between adjacent cells may be filled with fluids, that escape from the blood vessels into the interstitial space when there is too much water in the blood,.This fluid space is called the third Space. It has no appreciable function.
Que-
Excreted in response to fluid volume overload.
ALDOSTERONE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES.
Answer. Natriuretic peptides
An increase in blood fluid volume usually correspond with the release of Natriuretic peptides under the in influence of the pituitary gland and the heart in the body. These promotes the loss of sodium ions by the kidney, with corresponding loss of water by osmosis.Therefore large volume of hypotonic urine containing excreted sodium is produced. This lowers the blood fluid volume,
Que;
Diminished water volume in intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
DEHYDRATION THIRD SPACE ACCUMULATION.
Answer; Dehydration
Dehydration is depletion of water level of the plasma fluid, due to loss of fluid from the intracellular and extracelular fluids cell layers into the surrounding hypertonic medium.The cells shrinks, with loss of the organelles. Hypotension, confusion also set in.
Que;
Characterized by excess fluid in interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments
DEHYDRATION EDEMA,
Answer.Oedema
The accumulation of fluid in the space between cells(interstitial space) is called oedema.it may be caused by damage to the kidney, liver, to the veins of the legs etc,This damages lead to poor drainage of the blood by the veins leading to fluid retention.
Que
Occurs when application of pressure over a bony area leaves an indentation
PITTING EDEMA DEPENDENT EDEMA
Answer. Pitting Edema.
Mathematically, Pressure is equal to force over the area where the pressure was applied.(P=F/A). During accumulation of fluids under the skin due to oedema; if a pressure is applied on the fluid accumulated area, an indention due to the force which was applied will be left momentarily, and gradually disappear. this is called Pitting Oedema.
Answer:
B. Speed
Explanation:
Annual temperature ranges in the Southern Hemisphere generally smaller than those in the Northern Hemisphere because there is a higher rate of the water surface in the Southern Hemisphere.
Water is a prominent absorber of radiation and slower radiator of heat than land Environments in the southerly region which overall tend to be lightly moderate than those in the northerly region. This is because the southerly hemisphere has significantly more beach and less land. Water warms up and freezes down more slowly than land. The southerly hemisphere is also significantly less contaminated than the northerly hemisphere because of lower population densities, lower levels of industrialization, and smaller land sizes.
The question pertains to vision and somatosensation, two sensorial systems that detect physical energies. Vision pertains to the detection and interpretation of light patterns, while somatosensation involves responses to various stimuli such as temperature, pain, pressure, vibration, and internal body movements and positions. Both systems require stimuli to reach a certain energy level, known as the absolute threshold, to be detected.
The ability to detect physical energy through our visual or touch systems refers broadly to our senses, specifically vision, and somatosensation. These are crucial to human functionality, allowing interaction and understanding of the environment. Vision is the ability to detect light patterns from the outside environment and interpret them into images. It involves converting stimuli such as light into an electrical signal in the nervous system through a process called sensory transduction.
On the other hand, our sense of touch, referred to as somatosensation, encompasses reactions to stimuli like temperature, pain, pressure, vibration, body movement (kinesthesia), and the position of bones, joints, and muscles (proprioception). Proprioception and kinesthesia are part of our general senses, distributed throughout the body with receptor cells within the structures of other organs contributing significantly to autonomic functions. This system also uses sensory transduction to convert stimuli into neural signals.
Both of these sensory systems operate on principles of threshold sensitivity, successfully detecting stimuli only once it reaches a certain minimum energy level. This is known as the absolute threshold.
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