normally, proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle. What are oncogenes and how do they affect the cell cycle

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Answer:

Oncogenes are mutated protooncogenes (see explanation below).

Explanation:

“Proto-oncogene” is the name given to various genes whose products stimulate cell proliferation. Examples may include growth factor receptors, and proteins involved in clearing cell cycle checkpoints. Mutations in a proto-oncogene may cause it to either become too rapidly transcribed and/or code for a product that functions in an unchecked manner. This may lead to unrestrained cell proliferation, a basic mechanism of cancer. When and if this mutation takes place, the proto-oncogene becomes known as an oncogene.

Answer 2

Answer:

Final answer:

Oncogenes are altered versions of proto-oncogenes that can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, leading to cancer. They can produce too much or abnormal protein, upsetting the balance of cell division.

Explanation:

Oncogenes are genes which have the potential to cause cancer. In their normal state, they are referred to as proto-oncogenes, contributing to regular cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered or mutated, they can become oncogenes that stimulate the cell cycle and lead to uncontrolled cell growth - a hallmark of cancer.

Typically, proto-oncogenes help regulate cell division and ensure that cells divide in a controlled way. However, various factors such as genetic mutations, can turn a proto-oncogene into an oncogene. These oncogenes can produce too much protein or abnormal protein, upsetting the regular balance of cell division and halting normal function. This often results in a cell growing and dividing too rapidly, which can lead to a cancerous tumor.

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What helps exploding pods disperse

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Pods of certain plants such as gorse and pansies have a way of flinging their seeds when ripe in every direction with considerable force. The thing that helps these seeds disperse is first and foremost the mechanical force itself used to catapult the seeds.

As they ripen, the seed pods gradually lose moisture, building up tension in their cells and subsequently in the pod as a whole. The structure inevitably fails gradually and during a hot day it gives way altogether due to heat stress and triggers an explosion firing the seeds with appreciable force away from the parent plant almost like a projectile for up to 100m (300 ft) away.

It is important to note that plants which use this explosive method or ballistic dispersal as it is also called tend to have seeds that are generally large and too heavy to be carried by the wind unlike those of plants such as dandelions which are light enough for wind dispersal. Therefore gorse and suchlike plants employ ballistic methods to ensure their seeds travel as far away from the parent plant as possible.

Explain how gene expression is more complicated than it looks.

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A cell typically expresses only a fraction of its genes, and the different types of cells in multicellular organisms arise because different sets of genes are expressed. Moreover, cells can change the pattern of genes they express in response to changes in their environment, such as signals from other cells. Genes can't control an organism on their own; rather, they must interact with and respond to the organism's environment. Some genes are constitutive, or always "on," regardless of environmental conditions. Such genes are among the most important elements of a cell's genome, and they control the ability of DNA to replicate, express itself, and repair itself. These genes also control protein synthesis and much of an organism's central metabolism.

In your garden, you are growing several plants of the species Florus imaginarium. You have observed that some of the individuals have leaves with rounded tips and others have leaves with pointed tips. One of these traits is dominant and the other is recessive. Assuming all the plants in your garden are true-breeding, how would you go about determining which trait is dominant and recessive?

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you would begin to cross breed these plants, and examine the ratios which occurred afterwards. If all of the F1 generation had pointed tips, that would be the dominant allele.

During the Elizabethan period, relations between England and Spain were tense. Describe three issues that caused friction between the two countries, and describe the results of that friction.

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During the Elizabethan period, Elizabeth rejected Philip II and the aggressive development of English trade and the activity of her privateers against the overseas possessions of Spain and Portugal.

What did this conflict result in?

The Invincible Armada is a term used to designate the Spanish maritime-military fleet that was organized to attack England and remove its ruler, Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603), from the Tudor House, at the behest of King Felipe II (1527-1603). 98), of the House of Habsburg.

With this information, we can conclude that During the Elizabethan period, Elizabeth rejected Philip II and the aggressive development of English trade and the activity of her privateers against the overseas possessions of Spain and Portugal.

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From 1585 until 1603, England and Spain were at each other's throats. The time of the New World's discovery is when it all began. Both nations were striving for the power and money that the voyages had brought them. Both parties had been extremely tense over religion. Both nations were at war as a result of these problems. Just to mention a few, Elizabeth I had the Pope excommunicated. Drake launched an assault against Spanish ships. King James I's ban on piracy and Elizabeth I's death put an end to the war. This is further explained below.

What is Elizabethan period?

Generally, Elizabethan period is simply defined as the Tudor era of England's history, which Queen Elizabeth I ruled throughout, is known as the Elizabethan age. It is frequently referred to be the heyday of English history by historians.

In conclusion, Those are only a few, The Pope was excommunicated by Elizabeth I. Drake attacked Spanish ships with his attack. The conflict came to an end as a result of Elizabeth I's demise and King James I's prohibition on piracy.

Answers

Answer:

The best describes the process That adds a monosaccharide to an existing to an existing Polysaccaride.

Explanation:

Disaccharides are structure when two monosaccharides experience a parchedness reaction. They are held with each other by a covalent bond. we understand Sucrose is the most notable disaccharide, which is made out of the monomers glucose and fructose.

Monosaccharides encounter a parchedness reaction. They are held together by a covalent bond. Sucrose is the most notable disaccharide, which is made out of the monomers glucose and fructose.

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Answer:

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