Cellular respiration include the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, the Krebs
cycle, and the electron transport chain which perform different roles in
ensuring ATP is produced by the cells.
1.Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation-This process
facilitates the production of NADH which is used in the electron transport
chain. It also produces acetyl-CoA which is the starting substrate which
enters into the Kreb's cycle and energy used for phosphorylation of ADP to
form ATP.
2. Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle- This results in NADH or
FADH₂ being produced and used in the electron transport chain. It also
produces GTP (guanosine triphosphate) used in the phosphorylation of ADP
to form ATP.
3.Formation of a protongradient by the electron transport chain-The flow of protons through membrane-bound ATP synthase provides energy used phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.
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Cellular respiration included the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain is described below.
Explanation:
1. Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation-Produces NADH for use in ETC.Produces acetyl-CoA for entry into kerbs cycle.Provides energy for phosphorylation of ADP.
2. Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle-Produces NADH or FADH2 for use in ETC.Releases high energy electrons for use in ETC.Provides energy to pump protons against their concentration gradient.Produces GTP for phosphorylation of ADP.
3. Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain-The flow of protons through membrane-bound ATP synthase generates ATP.Provides energy for phosphorylation of ADP.
Answer: Antigen
The antigen are proteins in the cells of the body.Out of over 100 different antigens that have been identified, there are six that have been shown to be the most important in organ transplantation. Of these six antigens, we inherit three from each parent. It is rare to get a six-antigen match between two people, especially if they are unrelated. HLA(human leucocyte antigen) typing is done before the transplant to ensure high probability of success.
A person can make antibodies against another person’s HLA antigens. If a recipient has strong antibodies against a donor’s HLA, the risk of rejection is high and a donor would be declined for that recipient. so the type of antigens are tested for the compatibility before a transplant to ensure high probability of success and lower the rate of rejection.
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carbon monoxide
fungi
infection
blood clots
White blood cells are a type of immune cell that helps the body fight infection. They do this by engulfing and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microbes. Hence option D is correct.
They also produce antibodies, which are proteins that help the body recognize and fight specific invaders. Carbon monoxide, fungi, and blood clots are not directly attacked by white blood cells. However, they can all lead to infection, and white blood cells can play a role in fighting these infections.
For example, white blood cells can help to remove carbon monoxide from the body and prevent it from causing damage to tissues. They can also help to fight fungal infections by producing antibodies that target the fungi. And, white blood cells can help to break up blood clots that can lead to infection.
So, while white blood cells do not directly defend the body from carbon monoxide, fungi, or blood clots, they can play a role in preventing these conditions from leading to infection.
Therefore, option D, infection is correct.
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Answer:
Decease and Infection
The exchange of genetic material between organisms living at the same time in the same environment is known as horizontal gene tratransfer. This process, along with gene flow, contributes to genetic diversity and reduces the risk of extinction.
Genetic exchange between organisms living at the same time in the same environment is considered to be Horizontal gene transfer. This concept involves the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another within the same generation. It is different from vertical gene transfer, which is the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Horizontal gene transfer allows even distantly related species to exchange genes, impacting their phenotypes. Gene flow is another related concept, which involves the exchange of genetic material between populations, contributing to genetic diversity and reducing the risk of extinction.
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Yes, the importance of an element in the body related to its percentage of body weight.
That element that is present in a large amount are more important for the structure and function of the body. The human body is approximately 99% consist of six elements which is Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, calcium, and phosphorus.
The five elements are present in 0.85% on the basis of boy weight which is sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium so we can conclude that percentage of element in the body tells us about its importance.
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The importance of an element in the body is not solely based on its percentage of body weight. Elements' importance is determined by their function and essentiality to biological processes. Oxygen, although abundant in the body, is necessary for cellular respiration and energy production.
The importance of an element in the body is not directly related to its percentage of body weight. While some elements may have a higher percentage in the body, their importance is determined by their function and essentiality to biological processes.
For example, oxygen is the most abundant element in the body and has a high percentage of body weight. This is because oxygen is essential for cellular respiration and energy production.
On the other hand, elements like iodine and iron may have a lower percentage in the body, but they are crucial for functions like thyroid hormone synthesis and oxygen transportation, respectively.
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The media are widely used in microbiology laboratories to isolate and identify specific bacterial species or groups based on their growth characteristics and metabolic activities.
Yes, a media can indeed be both selective and differential, and such media are commonly referred to as "selective-differential media" or "selective and differential media."
These types of media are designed to encourage the growth of specific microorganisms while also allowing for the differentiation of various microbial groups based on their metabolic characteristics or other properties.
Here's how they work:
1. **Selective Aspect:** Selective media contain ingredients that inhibit the growth of certain types of microorganisms while promoting the growth of others.
This selectivity is achieved through the addition of chemicals or compounds that inhibit the growth of unwanted microbes. For example, the addition of salts, dyes, or antibiotics can inhibit the growth of specific bacterial species.
2. **Differential Aspect:** Differential media contain indicators that allow for the differentiation of microorganisms based on their metabolic activities.
These indicators can be substances that react with specific metabolic byproducts produced by microorganisms, causing observable changes in the media.
For example, pH indicators can change color in response to the production of acids or alkaline compounds by different bacteria.
Common examples of selective-differential media include:
- **MacConkey Agar:** Selective for Gram-negative bacteria and differential for lactose fermenters (pink colonies) vs. non-lactose fermenters (colorless colonies).
- **Mannitol Salt Agar:** Selective for staphylococci and differential for mannitol fermenters (yellow colonies) vs. non-fermenters (pink/red colonies).
The combination of selective and differential properties allows microbiologists to efficiently screen for the presence of target organisms and gain valuable information about their biochemical capabilities.
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please answer quickly its urgent
Answer:
Plant Cell
contains both