Animals in cold climates often depend on two layers of insulation: a layer of body fat [of thermal conductivity 0.200W/(m⋅K) ] surrounded by a layer of air trapped inside fur or down. We can model a black bear (Ursus americanus) as a sphere 1.60m in diameter having a layer of fat 3.90cm thick. (Actually, the thickness varies with the season, but we are interested in hibernation, when the fat layer is thickest.) In studies of bear hibernation, it was found that the outer surface layer of the fur is at 2.80∘C during hibernation, while the inner surface of the fat layer is at 30.9∘C a) What should the temperature at the fat-inner fur boundary be so that the bear loses heat at a rate of 51.4W ? b) How thick should the air layer (contained within the fur) be so that the bear loses heat at a rate of 51.4W ?
Answers
A) The temperature at the fat-inner fur boundary be so that the bear loses heat at a rate of 51.4W is; T_i = 38.52°C
B) The thickness of the layer contained within the fur so that the bear loses heat at a rate of 51.4 W is; t = 13.41 cm
We are given;
Diameter of sphere; d = 1.6 m
Radius of sphere; r = d/2
r = 1.6/2
r = 0.8 m
Thickness of bear; t = 3.9 cm cm = 0.039 m
Outer surface Temperature of fur; T_h = 2.8 ∘C
Inner surface Temperature of fat;T_f = 30.9 ∘C
Thermal conductivity of fat; K_f = 0.2 W/m⋅k
Thermal conductivity of air; K_a = 0.024 W/m⋅k
A) To find the temperature at the fat-inner fur boundary when heat loss is 51.4 W, we will use the heat current formula;
H = K_f•A(T_f - T_i)/t
Where;
A is area = 4πr²
A = 4π × 0.8²
A = 8.04 m²
T_i is the temperature we are looking for
H is heat loss = 51.4
t is thickness
Making T_i the subject gives;
T_i = (T_f × H × t)/(K_f × A)
T_i = (30.9 × 51.4 × 0.039)/(0.2 × 8.04)
T_i = 38.52°C
B) We want to find the thickness of the layer contained within the fur. Thus, we will use K_a instead of K_f. Let us make t the subject in the heat current formula to get;
t = (K_a•A(T_i - T_h)/H
t = (0.024 × 8.04 × (38.52 - 2.8))/51.4
t = 0.1341 m
t = 13.41 cm
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Answer:
Explanation:
Using the equation
H = Q/t = k A ( T hot - T cold) / L
where H is the rate of heat loss = 51.4 W, T cold be temperature of the outer surface, A is the surface area of the fat layer which is a model of sphere ( surface area of a sphere ) = 4πr² where diameter = 1.60 m
radius = 1.60 m / 2 = 0.80 m
A = 4 × 3.142 × ( 0.8²) = 8.04352 m²
making T cold subject of the formula
T cold = T hot - = 30.9° C - ( 51.4 W × 3.9 × 10⁻² m) / ( 0.2 W/mK × 8.04352 m² ) = 30.9° C - 1.25 ° C = 29.65° C
b) The thickness of air layer for the bear to lose heat t a rate of 51.4 W
thermal conductivity of air is 0.024 W/mK and rearranging the earlier formula
L = = (0.024 W/ m K × 8.04352 m²) ( 29.65° C - 2.8°C) / 51.4 W = 0.101 m = 10.1 m
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I hope it helps, Regards.
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Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is a form of energy. It is defined as the energy associated with bodies that are in motion and this energy depends on the mass and speed of the body.
Kinetic energy is defined as the amount of work necessary to accelerate a body of a given mass and at rest, until it reaches a given speed. Once this point is reached, the amount of accumulated kinetic energy will remain the same unless there is a change in speed or the body returns to its state of rest by applying a force.
Kinetic energy is represented by the following formula:
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