PLS HELPFill in the word that completes each sentence.

In the mitochondrion, small molecules combine with
to produce
and carbon dioxide.

This process releases a large amount of
.

Answer:

a

Explanation:

ability to cause change in matter or the capacity to do work

Final answer:

Atoms with low ionization energy form positive ions or cations more easily than atoms with high ionization energy due to less energy being required to remove an electron from the atom's valence shell.

Explanation:

The ease at which an atom forms a positive ion, also known as a cation, depends on its ionization energy. Ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its ground state.

An atom with a low ionization energy will form a cation more readily than an atom with a high ionization energy. This is because it takes less energy to remove an electron from the atom's valence shell. On the other hand, atoms with a high ionization energy hold their electrons more tightly, thus it requires more energy to form a cation. This is seen in the trend across the periodic table where ionization energy increases across a period and decreases down a group due to the size and energy of the orbitals.

Sometimes, successive ionization energies or the energy necessary to remove subsequent electrons from an atom increase because core electrons, which are closer to the nucleus and thus experience a strong electrostatic attraction, are harder to remove than valence electrons.

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Answer:

Two Covalent Bonds

Chemistry Concepts:

• The Periodic Table is a table illustrating the periodic system, in which the chemical elements, formerly arranged in the order of their atomic weights and now according to their atomic numbers, are shown in related groups.
• Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, gaseous element constituting about one-fifth of the volume of the atmosphere and present in a combined state in nature. It is the supporter of combustion in the air and was the standard of atomic, combining, and molecular weight until 1961, when carbon 12 became the new standard.  
• Atoms are the basic units of matter, they are formed by a nucleus of protons and neutrons and electrons.
• Covalent bonds are the bonds formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms.

Oxygen, which is in group 6 or 16 of the periodic table, has 6 valence electrons. To achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons, oxygen needs to gain 2 electrons or share two electrons by forming covalent bonds. Therefore, oxygen typically forms two covalent bonds with other atoms to complete its outer shell and achieve a stable electron configuration.

What happens to the valence electrons of the other atom when oxygen forms a covalent bond with it?

When oxygen forms a covalent bond with another atom, it shares one or more pairs of electrons with that atom. The shared electrons are called bonding electrons, and they are shared between the oxygen atom and the other atom. The valence electrons of the other atom also participate in the covalent bond and are shared between the two atoms.

The electrons that are not involved in bonding, known as non-bonding or lone pair electrons, remain on the oxygen atom. These electrons are still part of the valence shell of the oxygen atom and are involved in its chemical properties, but they do not participate in the covalent bond with the other atom.

Furthermore, when oxygen forms a covalent bond with another atom, both atoms share electrons, including valence electrons, to achieve a more stable electron configuration.

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Oxygen is in group 6 of the periodic table. In general, oxygen tends to form two covalent bonds with other atoms.

To understand why oxygen forms two covalent bonds, let's look at its electron configuration. Oxygen has 8 electrons, with 2 in its innermost shell and 6 in its outermost shell. The outermost shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons, so oxygen needs to gain 2 more electrons to have a full outer shell.

In a covalent bond, atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. Oxygen can share two electrons with other atoms to complete its outer shell. This means that oxygen typically forms two covalent bonds, with each bond involving the sharing of two electrons.

For example, in a molecule of water (H2O), oxygen forms two covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms. Each bond involves the sharing of one electron from each hydrogen atom and one electron from oxygen. This sharing of electrons allows all atoms involved to have a full outer shell, making the molecule stable.

It's important to note that there can be exceptions to this general rule. In some cases, oxygen can form more than two covalent bonds, such as in molecules like ozone (O3) or sulfur dioxide (SO2). However, these cases involve different bonding arrangements and are not as common as the formation of two covalent bonds.

The most reactive element among the options is iodine. The Option A.

Why is iodine the most reactive?

Iodine is the most reactive element in this list because it belongs to the halogen group of elements in the periodic table, which is known for its high reactivity.

Halogens readily form compounds by gaining electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell. Iodine, with its seven valence electrons has a strong tendency to gain one more electron to achieve stability.

This makes it highly reactive especially when it comes into contact with elements that readily lose electrons such as metals.

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Answer:

iodine

Explanation: