The right option is; D
Establishment of communities in newly formed environments, such as volcanic lava flows or sand bars, is called primary succession. Development of new communities in disturbed environments, such as a burned or clear cut forest, is called secondary succession.
Primary succession is a type of ecological succession (changes) which occurs when communities of organisms establish new habitat in areas that are not capable of sustaining life due to various events such as volcanic lava flows, sand bars, oil spills, flooding, and landslides.
Secondary succession occurs when a smaller scale disturbance such as forest fire affect a stable existing ecosystem. Such disturbances support the reappearance of life because it does not remove all organisms and nutrients from the existing ecosystem.
Answer:
D. primary succession, secondary succession
Explanation:
B.begins and ends gradually
C.is unaffected by stimuli
D.is unlikely to impact development
A criticalperiod begins and ends abruptly. The correct option is A.
The term CriticalPeriod, coined by philosopher JohnFiske in 1888 with his book 'The Critical Period of AmericanHistory,' refers to the 1780s, a time immediately following the American Revolution when the future of the newly formed nation was in doubt.
The period between the adoption of the Articles of Confederation and the adoption of the FederalConstitution (1781-89) has been dubbed the "criticalperiod" of American history.
A variety of efforts were made to realize the republican ideals of the country.
Most states established new state governments, expanding voting and officeholding rights.
Many people were concerned during the "critical period" following the American Revolution that the Articles of Confederation were insufficient for the states to grow commercially and economically.
A critical period begins and ends abruptly.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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Answer:
A- begins and ends abruptly
Explanation:
I took the quiz and got it correct
b. List all the parameters you think might be relevant to this model. Describe in words the meaning of each parameter and any restrictions on their values.
c. Justify whether this should be a discrete time model or continuous time model.
a. State Variables and State Space:
1.Cell Density (N): The number of yeast or bacterial cells present in the chemostat at a given time. The state space for N is the set of non-negative real numbers (N ≥ 0).
2.Concentration of Substrate (S): The concentration of the nutrient (e.g., glucose) in the liquid medium. The state space for S is the set of non-negative real numbers (S ≥ 0).
3.Dilution Rate (D): The rate at which medium is added to the chemostat relative to the volume of the chemostat. The state space for D is the set of non-negative real numbers (D ≥ 0).
4.Effluent Concentration (S_out, N_out): The concentration of substrate and cell density in the effluent leaving the chemostat. The state space for S_out and N_out is the set of non-negative real numbers (S_out ≥ 0, N_out ≥ 0).
b. Parameters:
1.Maximum Specific Growth Rate (μ_max): The maximum growth rate of cells under ideal conditions (maximal nutrient availability and absence of inhibitory factors). It is a positive real number (μ_max > 0).
2.Half-Saturation Constant (K_s): The concentration of substrate at which the specific growth rate is half of μ_max. It is a positive real number (K_s > 0).
3.Yield Coefficient (Y): The amount of biomass (cells) produced per unit of substrate consumed. It is a positive real number (Y > 0).
4.Dilution Rate (D): This is both a state variable and a parameter. As a parameter, it represents the rate at which medium is added to the chemostat, and it can vary within the state space (D ≥ 0).
5.Inlet Concentration (S_in): The concentration of substrate in the incoming medium. It is a positive real number (S_in > 0).
6.Effluent Flow Rate (Q): The rate at which medium and cells exit the chemostat through the effluent tube. It is a positive real number (Q > 0).
7.Cell Death Rate (μ_death): The rate at which cells die in the chemostat due to factors such as predation or aging. It is a positive real number (μ_death > 0).
c. Justification for Model Type:
This should be a continuous time model because the growth and dynamics of yeast and bacterial populations in a chemostat occur continuously over time. Cells divide continuously, and changes in cell density, substrate concentration, and other state variables are continuous and smooth. Discrete time models, which operate in discrete time steps, may not capture the nuances of these continuous processes accurately. Therefore, a continuous time model, possibly using differential equations, would better represent the system's behavior in a chemostat.
None of Myriah’s measurements match the known value of 10 g, so her measurements are not accurate. Also, each of Myriah’s measurements come out different every time she measures, so her measurements aren’t precise either.