B: tissue culture.
C: bacterial plasmids.
D: in vitro fertilization.
Answer:
The correct answer would be C: bacterial plasmids.
In plants, genetic transformation is usually achieved with the help of bacterial plasmid, especially Ti plasmid.
Ti plasmid is a tumor-inducing plasmid generally present in Agrobacterium tumifaciens. This bacteria has a natural ability to infect plant cells and caused tumors or crown gall disease in them. It is also known as natural genetic engineering of plants.
The modified or non-virulent Ti plasmid is used to transfer the gene of interest in the plants.
C. bacterial plasmids.
WHO in 1996 stated that the emergence of various types of new chemicals, both those contained in GMO organisms and their products, could potentially cause new diseases or even be a triggering factor for other diseases. For example, aad genes contained in transgenic cotton can move to the bacteria that causes gonorrhea (GO), Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
So, plasmids are bacterial DNA that is separate from the bacterial chromosomes. Plasmids can replicate themselves. Plasmids also contain various genes. The type, number of types, and number of each type (copy) of plasmids vary between cells. Even between cells in one bacterial species.
Plasmids usually contain between 5 and 100 genes that are not needed for bacterial survival. Genes for normal growth, metabolism, and cell structure are on the main bacterial chromosome. As long as the bacteria are developing in a low-pressure environment, removing all plasmids will not affect the ability of the bacteria to survive.
The function of plasmids is as a carrier of non-essential properties for bacterial growth. Essential here means having a direct role in metabolism and all biological activities that support bacterial growth.
Generally, plasmids have genes that are resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotics themselves, as you know, do not always exist in the environment, so the existence of these genes is not essential.
Plasmid function is also a determinant of nomenclature or naming of plasmids.
Ti plasmid, for example, which is named according to the ability of the plasmid to induce tumors in plants, forms a crown gal while Pym is the gene responsible for the process of forming nodules of Rhizobium bacterial species in legumes.
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Details
Class: high school
Subject: Biology
Keywords: plants, bacterial, GMO
Answer:
R1 and R2 exhibit codominance.
Explanation:
In the given plant, pleiotropic locus regulates both berry color and berry size. The R1 allele gives red berries while the R0 allele is responsible for white berries. The heterozygote R0R1 also has red berries, which means that R1 is dominant over R0 for the color of berries. The R2 allele is responsible for the "small" size of berries in homozygous genotype.
The genotype R0R2 also has small berries, which means that R2 is also dominant to R0. However, the genotype R1R2 imparts red color and small size to berries. In the genotype R1R2, both the R1 (responsible for the red color of berries) and R2 (responsible for the small size of berries) alleles are expressed. This represents the fact that the R1 and R2 alleles are codominant and express themselves in heterozygous R1R2 genotype.
The allele for the absence of horns (A) is dominant to
the allele for the presence of horns (a).
A male with horns is mated with a heterozygous female
without horns. What percentage of the offspring would
be expected to have horns? (1 point)
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
The alternation of generations in the life cycle of a plant includes the diploid and haploid multicellular stages. diploid and haploid are copies of the chromosomes. The spores in the plant is unicellular and when they start dividing through mitosis, it produces identical cells. These identical cells are all haploid. Haploid stages contain one set of chromosome from either of the parent. These identical cells create a multicellular system called the gametophytes. A gametophyte is the haploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant. The gametophyte makes the gametes. These gametes are responsible for sexual fertilization. It takes place when a sperm (male gametes) from the male fuses into the egg cell (female gametes) of the female. The formation of both male and female gametes creates a diploid zygote. Diploid stages contain one set of chromosome from each parent. This is where the sporophyte comes in. A sporophyte is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of the plant. It now contains the two sets of chromosomes from each parent.
The type of cell division that produces gametes with half the normal chromosome number is the meiosis. Meiosis is the type of cell division used in sexual reproduction. It will occur in the testes and ovaries.