A useful model of the universe should explain two key observations: the movements of celestial bodies and the nature of the universe's composition, including elements like dark energy.
Two vital observations that a model of the universe needs to explain to be considered useful include the movement of celestial bodies and the nature of the universe's composition. For instance, as our knowledge grew, so did our understanding of the movement of celestial bodies. An early model imagined Earth as the center of the universe with everything else moving in circular orbits around it. However, these models had to be updated as more observations were made, leading to a sun-centered model fitting closer to the experimental evidence.
Secondly, the nature of the universe's composition is crucial. As hypotheses in astronomy evolve, our concept of the universe's makeup has grown to accept the idea of dark energy. While there's convincing evidence that dark energy makes up the bulk of the universe, scientists still seek a thorough understanding of what dark energy is in reality.
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Layers of dirt and other rocks are pressed together to form igneous rocks.
B.
Molten material in the earth cools and hardens to form igneous rocks.
C.
Elements in the earth form igneous solids with crystals.
D.
Wind erodes mountains into small igneous rocks.
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Mosquitoes became resistant to DEET through mutation and natural selection.
Natural selection selects beneficial alleles, which increase their frequency in the population, resulting in adaptation. Aptitude, which is the contribution of each genotype to the next generation, increases too.
In many cases adaptations, resulting from the natural selection process can be correlated to environmental factors or selective pressures applied by other organisms or habitats.
The DEET repellent is the selective pressure or modeling environmental factor.
Some mosquitos had mutations that altered their behavior.
The new mosquito's response is not-detection of repellent presence (only in those harboring the mutations).
These mutations benefit from natural selection.
Mosquitoes live and adapt to their environment.
Some mosquitos in the population most likely developed a mutation that favored them.
DEET, a repellent, was not detected. These individuals gained resistance to the chemical and were able to survive and reproduce, resulting in an increase in population size. Natural selection favored the resistance-inducing mutation.
Repellents may cause a genetic change in insects, causing them to be unable to detect the chemical. Insects have evolved to be able to tolerate the DEET dose that is commonly used to repel mosquitos.
Learn more about mosquito adaptation here:
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