What is the charge on a chloride ion? What does chlorine have to do to form such an ion, and whydoes it tend to do so?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Answer:

The chloride ion has a -1 charge and it tends to form such an ion because it wants the octet rule to be complete, and since it has 7 it needs one more for 8 electrons.

Hope this helps!

Explanation:

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Compared to a phosphorus atom, a P3- ion has

Answers

Answer:

Three more electrons

Explanation:

Compared to a phosphorous atom (P) the P3- ion has gained 3 electrons resulting in the trivalent negative charge. P3- is a reduced state of P and to name some properties:

It has a bigger atomic radius due to the extra electrons and the weaker attraction the protons have to them.
It can react as a base (taking electrons)

Compared to a phosphorus atom, a P3- ion has more electrons and a larger radius. With a negative charge means there are more electron than protons, this increases the radius because positive charge is trying to hold a larger negative charge. Hope this helps

Describe the crystallization process as applied in salt preparation

Answers

Explanation:

The principle used in the preparation of these salts is to dissolve

the cystine in an alcoholic alkali solution to which just sufficient

water to effect solution has been added, and, after filtering from

excess cystine, to precipitate the salt by addition of a suitable

indifferent solvent. While various solvents, such as acetone,

ether, or large amounts of alcohol caused precipitations, these were

either oily or amorphous. Only acetonitrile was found to possess

the power of initiating regular crystallization in the salt solutions.

While the solutions of the different salts require different amounts

of the solvent for complete precipitation, a partial substitution of

absolute ether for acetonitrile was found expedient in the case

of the most soluble of the salts, the K salt.

Answer:

It is simply a process of forming crystal.

Explanation: When salt is heated and dissolve in the liquid mainly water then its called saturated solution. When we further add salt and increase heat in order to dissolve it then it forcibly dissolve in liquid it's called supersaturated solution. After we slowly cool down the temperature then the salt we have put in supersaturated solution arises in the form of crystal. Hence its called crystalization.

A + B → C Select the rate law for the reaction above using the following information: Holding the concentration of A constant and doubling the concentration of B results in the rate of the reaction increasing from 1.5E-3 M/s to 1.2E-2 M/s. Keeping the concentration of B constant and doubling A results in the rate of the reaction increasing from 1.5E-3 M/s to 3.0E-3 M/s.

Answers

For the initial conditions:
1.5E-3 = k A^n B^m

For the second condition:
1.2E-2 = k A^n (2B)^m
1.2E-2 = 2^m k A^n B^m
From the initial condition:
1.2E-2 = 2^m (1.5E-3)
m = 3.32

For the third condition:
3.0E-3 = k (2A)^n B^m
3.0E-3 = 2^n k A^n B^m
3.0E-3 = 2^n (1.5E-3)
n = 1

Therefore, the rate law is:
r = k A B^3.32

Water is called the “universal solvent.” Which statement best explains this description with respect to ionic compounds?

Answers

Answer is: C. Water can dissociate many ionic compounds through ion-dipole interactions.

For example, dissociation of potassium bromide: KBr(aq) → K⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq).

Some ionic compounds cannot dissociate in water, for example calcium sulfate (CaSO₄), silver chloride (AgCl), lead(II)-carbonate (PbCO₃).

An ion-dipole is electrostatic interaction between a charged ion (cations and anions) and a molecule that has a dipole (in this example water).

Dipole is a separation of positive and negative charges. In water, hydrogen has positive and oxygen has negative charge.

It is called the universal solvent because it can dissolve a wide range of solutes. Generally speaking, water is good at dissolving ions and polar molecules, but poor at dissolving nonpolar molecules. Water molecules are polar, with partial positive charges on the hydrogens, a partial negative charge on the oxygen, and a bent overall structure. The unequal charge distribution in a water molecule allows the interaction with ions.

Ammonia and sulfuric acid react to form ammonium sulfate. Determine the starting mass of each reactant if 20.3 g of ammonium sulfate is produced and 5.89g of sulfuric acid remains unreacted.

Answers

Answer: The mass of ammonia is 5.236 g and that of sulfuric acid is 15.064 g

Explanation:

Calculating the mass of ammonia:

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

$\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}$ .....(1)

Given mass of ammonium sulfate = 20.3 g

Molar mass of ammonium sulfate = 132.14 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

$\text{Moles of ammonium sulfate}=(20.3g)/(132.14g/mol)=0.154mol$

The chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia and sulfuric acid follows:

$2NH_3+H_2SO_4\rightarrow (NH_4)_2SO_4$

As, sulfuric acid remains unreacted, which means it is an excess reagent and its starting mass cannot be determined from ammonium sulfate.

By Stoichiometry of the reaction:

1 mole of ammonium sulfate is produced by 2 moles of ammonia.

So, 0.154 moles of ammonium sulfate is produced by = $(2)/(1)* 0.154=0.308mol$ of ammonia.

Now, calculating the mass of ammonia from equation 1, we get:

Molar mass of ammonia = 17 g/mol

Moles of ammonia = 0.308 moles

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

$0.308mol=\frac{\text{Mass of ammonia}}{17g/mol}\n\n\text{Mass of ammonia}=5.236g$

Calculating the mass of sulfuric acid

Law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can only be transformed from one form to another form.

This also means that total mass on the reactant side must be equal to the total mass on the product side.

Let the mass of sulfuric acid be 'x' grams

We are given:

Mass of ammonium sulfate = 20.3 grams

Mass of ammonia = 5.236 grams

Total mass on reactant side = 5.236 + x

Total mass on product side = 20.3 g

So, by applying law of conservation of mass, we get:

$5.236+x=20.3\n\nx=15.064g$

Hence, the mass of ammonia is 5.236 g and that of sulfuric acid is 15.064 g

2NH₃ + H₂SO₄ ⇒ (NH₄)₂SO₄
34.06g : 98.08g : 132.14g
x y 20.03g

x = [20.03g*34.06g]/132.14g = 5.16g

5.16g + y = 20.03g ⇔ from stoichiometric ratio
20.03g - 5.16g = y
y = 14,87g + 5.89g = 20.76g ⇔ 5.89g of sulfuric(VI) acid remains unreacted

Starting mass:

mNH₃ = 5.16g
mH₂SO₄ = 20.76g

What are two examples of an endothermic reaction and what are two examples of an ectothermic reaction?

Answers

Exothermic processes: Making ice cubes,formation of snow in clouds

Endothermic processe: Melting ice cubes, evaporation of water

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