The glomerular lesion that is characterized by thickening of the glomerular capillary wall with immune deposition is called membranous glomerulonephritis.
In this condition, there is a buildup of immune complexes, which are composed of antibodies and antigens, in the glomerular capillary walls. This immune deposition leads to inflammation and thickening of the walls, impairing the filtration function of the kidneys.
The thickening of the glomerular capillary wall in membranous glomerulonephritis is caused by the accumulation of immune complexes in the subepithelial space. These immune complexes can be formed due to various underlying causes, such as autoimmune diseases, infections, medications, or certain cancers. The immune complexes trigger an inflammatory response, attracting immune cells to the glomerular capillary walls and causing damage.
As a result of the thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, the normal filtration process in the kidneys is disrupted. This can lead to proteinuria (presence of excess protein in the urine), hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood), and edema (swelling) in the affected individual. Over time, the chronic inflammation and scarring can further impair kidney function and may progress to chronic kidney disease.
To diagnose membranous glomerulonephritis, a kidney biopsy is typically performed to examine the glomeruli under a microscope. The presence of thickened glomerular capillary walls with immune deposits confirms the diagnosis.
Treatment for membranous glomerulonephritis aims to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, and preserve kidney function. Depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, treatment options may include medications such as immunosuppressants, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). In some cases, individuals may require supportive measures such as dietary modifications and fluid restriction.
In summary, membranous glomerulonephritis is a glomerular lesion characterized by thickening of the glomerular capillary wall due to immune deposition. It can result in kidney dysfunction and is typically diagnosed through a kidney biopsy. Treatment options focus on reducing inflammation and preserving kidney function.
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Every slice of the bread, contains a number of blister like pores. These blister like pores suggests that the air or some gas might be present there. In case, the bread has no air, the surface of the bread must be smooth rather than rough.
The bread is formed by the fermentation of the sugar molecules present in the dough with the help of yeast. These blisters like structure on the bread is present due to the gas produced during fermentation.
Answer:
In water molecules the oxygen atom attracts the negatively charged electrons more strongly than the hydrogen. This gives water an asymmetrical distribution of charge so that it is a polar molecule. ... Because the water molecules are small, many of them can surround one molecule of the solute and form hydrogen bonds.
Explanation:
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules due to the charge instability within the molecule caused by the difference in electronegativity between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. These bonds lead to the unique behavior of water in its various states.
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules due to the polar nature of a water molecule. The oxygen atom in water molecules is more electronegative, pulling the shared electron closer resulting in a slight negative charge. Conversely, the hydrogen atoms end up with a slight positive charge. These charges lead to a hydrogen bond when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the slightly negative oxygen atom of another water molecule.
Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent or ionic bonds, but their large numbers in water lead to significant effects. They help maintain the liquid state of water at room temperature, among other unique properties. Hydrogen bonds aren't exclusive to water molecules; they can also be observed in DNA structure and protein formation.
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B. hobbles.
C. leashes.
D. halters.
The correct answer is option B
The straps or spancel is a device which is used to limit the walk of the animals like horses, donkeys, et cetera.
This device tethering one or more legs together to limit their movement so that they cannot go far away. It is mostly used in horses.
Sometimes hobbles are used on other animals when they are trained to stay still in a particular position.