Answer:
A nucleotide is composed of three components: a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group.
Explanation:
1. Nitrogenous Base: There are two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides: purines and pyrimidines. Purines include adenine (A) and guanine (G), while pyrimidines include cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) in RNA. These nitrogenous bases have different pKa values: adenine and guanine have pKa values around 3.5, while cytosine, thymine, and uracil have pKa values around 4.5.
2. Sugar Molecule: The sugar molecule in a nucleotide is either deoxyribose (in DNA) or ribose (in RNA). Deoxyribose and ribose are both five-carbon sugars. Deoxyribose has a hydrogen atom at the 2' carbon position, while ribose has a hydroxyl group (OH) at the same position. The pKa of the sugar molecule is not relevant to the connection between nucleotides.
3. Phosphate Group: The phosphate group consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. One oxygen is connected to the 5' carbon of the sugar molecule, forming a phosphodiester bond. The pKa of the phosphate group is around 1.
The three components of a nucleotide connect to each other through covalent bonds. The nitrogenous base is connected to the 1' carbon of the sugar molecule, forming a glycosidic bond. The phosphate group is connected to the 5' carbon of the sugar molecule through a phosphodiester bond. This connection repeats in a linear fashion, forming a chain of nucleotides. In DNA, this chain forms the double helix structure through hydrogen bonding between complementary nitrogenous bases (A with T and G with C), while in RNA, the chain remains single-stranded.
To summarize, the three components of a nucleotide are the nitrogenous base, the sugar molecule, and the phosphate group. The relevant pKa values are around 3.5 for adenine and guanine, around 4.5 for cytosine, thymine, and uracil, and around 1 for the phosphate group. These components connect to each other through glycosidic bonds between the base and the sugar, and phosphodiester bonds between the sugar and the phosphate group.
The answer is the Sympathetic nervous system as a Group of answer choices central endocrine sympathetic somatic parasympathetic shows these symptoms.
The sympathetic nervous system is a part of the self-sustaining fearful device which controls the involuntary frame capabilities such as coronary heart rate, breath rate, perspiration, etc. The sympathetic is in particular answerable for the boom withinside the feature of frame capabilities while the frame perceives a risk. When confronted with a risk or distress, the sympathetic nervous system initiates physiological reactions called the “combat or flight” response, thereby growing the frame’s alertness to such risk. Examples of improved frame capabilities or “combat or flight response” consist of improved perspiration and improved coronary heart rate, as exhibited via way of means of Blair.
The sympathetic nervous system directs the body's speedy involuntary reaction to risky or disturbing situations. A flash flood of hormones boosts the body's alertness and system coronary heart rate, sending greater blood to the muscles.
Hence conclude the sympathetic nervous system is the answer.
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Answer:
sympathetic nervous system
Explanation:
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomous nervous system which controls the involuntary body functions as heart rate, breath rate, perspiration etc. The sympathetic nervous system is specifically responsible for the increase in the function of body functions when the body perceives a threat. When faced with a threat or distress, the sympathetic nervous system initiates physiological reactions known as the “fight or flight” response, thereby increasing the body’s alertness to such threat. Examples of increased body functions or “fight or flight response” include increased perspiration and increased heart rate, as exhibited by Blair.
(B) The average water temperature
(C) The amount of sunlight
(D) The location of the continental shelf
The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal contain the spinal cord
Vertebrae is the synonym of spine. Inside the spine, there will be spinal cord protected by the nearby bone. Spinal cord will divided into many smaller cords after leaving the spine and spread through the body to carry signal from/to the brain. Without the spinal cord, the brain will not be able to reach and control the body.
The cranial cavity and vertebral canal contain the brain and spinal cord, respectively, which make up the central nervous system and are protected by cerebrospinal fluid.
The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal contain the central nervous system, which includes the brain and the spinal cord respectively. Vertebrate animals have two major body cavities: the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. The dorsal cavity contains the cranial cavity, which fills most of the upper part of the skull and houses the brain, and the spinal cavity, also known as the vertebral canal, which is a long, narrow cavity inside the vertebral column that contains the spinal cord. These two cavities are continuous with one another, forming a protective environment for the central nervous system complemented by cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a cushion and circulates through both cavities and their contained structures.
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