Explain how an immune response starts after a macrophage attacks a pathogen.

Answers

Answer 1
Answer: After the macrophage fails the Helper T Cell stimulates the B cells (create antibodies) if pathogen is extracellular and Cytotoxic T Cells (killer T cells, release perforin) if pathogen is intracellular. Once the pathogen is killed the B Cells create Memory B Cells and the Killer T Cells create memory T Cells. 
Hope that's helpful.

Related Questions

What is the significance of the similar number and arrangement of bones in a human arm and a bat wing?
How do the final images of transmission and scanning electron microscopy differ
Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. According to his _______greg is obese. A. Metabolism B. Obesity indexC. Weight set pointD. Body mass index
EsThe process of transcription and splicing of mRNA is shown above. What statement accurately describes these two steps?Transcription and splicing only occur in eukaryotic cells. Transcription andsplicing both occur in the nucleus.Transcription and splicing only occur in prokaryotic cells. Transcription andsplicing both occur in the cytosol.Transcription occurs only in prokaryotic cells in the cytosol white splicingoccurs only in eukaryotic cell sin the nucleus.Transcription and splicing only occur in eukaryotic cells. Transcriptionoccurs in the nucleus while splicing occurs in the cytosol.
Which type(s) of cell is/are produced when skeletal muscle cells divide? A. Skin cells onlyB.bone cells onlyC.skeletal muscle cells onlyD.skin,bone,and skeletal muscle cells

What effect might global warming have on earths inhabitants?
Please help!tysm ;)

Answers

Here are few of the things that scientists think may happen as the temperature rises. Some of them are already happening: Glaciers melting - Many glaciers are already melting and shrinking throughout the world. If the temperature increases they will continue to melt. This will cause animals that rely on glaciers such as polar bears and other species to become extinct. Ocean levels will rise - As the glaciers melt, the ocean levels will rise. This could cause flooding in cities located near the coast. Migration of animals - Animals will migrate to cooler spots as their old habitats get too warm. This could upset the food chain and put some species in danger of extinction. Extreme weather - Some scientists think that warming will fuel more powerful hurricanes as well as more droughts and flooding in different areas of the world. Change in ecosystems - cold weather biomes such as the tundra will shrink, while desserts will continue to expand. Hope this helped :)

During which step of mitosis does a new membrane form around each of the 2 groups of chromosomes?

Answers

Mitosis is simply described as having four stages—prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; the steps follow one another without interruption. The entire four-stage division process averages about one hour in duration, and the period between cell divisions, called interphase or interkinesis, varies greatly but is considerably longer.

During interphase the chromosomes are dispersed in the nucleus and appear as a network of long, thin threads or filaments, called the chromatin. At some point before prophase begins, the chromosomes replicate themselves to form pairs of identical sister chromosomes, or chromatids; the deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) of the chromosomes is synthesized only during interphase, not while mitosis is in process.

During prophase the two chromatids remain attached to one another at a region called the centromere, but each contracts into a compact tightly coiled body; the nucleolus and, in most cases, the nuclear envelope break down and disappear. Also during prophase the spindle begins to form. In animal cells the centrioles separate and move apart, and radiating bundles of fibers, called asters, appear around them. Some sets of fiber run from one centriole to the other; these are the spindle fibers. In plant cells the spindle forms without centrioles.

During metaphase the chromosomes congregate at a plane midway between the two ends to which the spindle tapers. This is called the equatorial plane and marks the point where the whole cell will divide when nuclear division is completed; the ends of the spindle are the poles to which the chromatids will migrate. The chromatids are attached to the spindle fibers at the centromeres.

During anaphase the two chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to opposite poles, as if pulled along the spindle fibers by the centromeres. During telophase new nuclear envelopes form around the two groups of daughter chromosomes (as they are now called), the new nucleoli begin to appear, and eventually, as the formation of the two daughter nuclei is completed, the spindle fibers disappear. The chromosomes uncoil to assume their dispersed distribution within the interphased nucleus. Cytokinesis, which may begin before or after mitosis is completed, finally separates the daughter nuclei into two new individual daughter cells.

A considerable variance in the degree and timing of these stages exists across species, and cells can be classified by their mitotic characteristics. Despite the relative ease of observation of the physical stages of mitosis under the microscope (primarily because the chromosomes stain readily when in their coiled state), the exact chemical and kinetic nature of mitosis is not yet fully understood. For instance, the spindle has been determined to consist largely of thin, elongate tubules called microtubules, but their functions have yet to be understood.

What are the two types of behavioral adaptation

Answers

Answer:

The 2 types of behavioral adaptation are migration, and hibernation.

Explanation:

Adaptation of animal is the fitness towards its environment. If an animal can't adapt, it will perish with time. Adaptation may be genetic or acquired. But basically, adaptation is 2 types - physical adaptation, and behavioral adaptation.  

Physical adaptation includes the coloring of the body, camouflage activity of an organism. The behavioral adaptation is the respond of the organisms to their habitat. This includes hibernation, estivation, migration, etc.

Some animals are affected by the temperature difference of the environment. Therefore, they adopt some methods to survive in extreme temperatures.

The cold-blooded like amphibians hibernate during winter.  They undergo a long sleep during cold weather and become active in summer.  Similarly some animals like desert lizard active in the morning. When the temperature increase they burrow themselves under the ground. This is called estivation.

Birds migrate during the adverse season i.e. in winter. They temporarily go to a different place to spend the cold month and return during the advent of summer. This is one type of behavioral adaptation. They also migrate for better breeding ground and food.  

Some fishes also migrate for breeding and food.

All organisms have adaptations that help them survive and thrive. Some adaptations are structural. Structural adaptations are physical features of an organism like the bill on a bird or the fur on a bear. Other adaptations are behavioral. Behavioral adaptations are the things organisms do to survive. For example, bird calls and migration are behavioral adaptations.
Adaptations are the result of evolution. Evolution is a change in a species over long periods of time.
Adaptations usually occur because a gene mutates or changes by accident! Some mutations can help an animal or plant survive better than others in the species without the mutation.
For example, imagine a bird species. One day a bird is born with a beak that is longer than the beak of other birds in the species. The longer beak helps the bird catch more food. Because the bird can catch more food, it is healthier than the other birds, lives longer and breeds more. The bird passes the gene for a longer beak on to its offspring. They also live longer and have more offspring and the gene continues to be inherited generation after generation.
Eventually the longer beak can be found in all of the species. This doesn't happen overnight. It takes thousands of years for a mutation to be found in an entire species.
Over time, animals that are better adapted to their environment survive and breed. Animals that are not well adapted to an environment may not survive.
The characteristics that help a species survive in an environment are passed on to future generations. Those characteristics that don't help the species survive slowly disappear.

Identify which ways to keep the respiratory system healthy

Answers

Respiratory system= breathing system
To keep our Respiratory system healthy we should:
1- never breathe in front of polluted areas
2- never pollute our areas
3- try to make our environment normal

The original population of salamanders migrated southward from the north of California. They avoided the Central Valley because it was too dry and hot for them to live there. As they moved south, the eastern and western salamander populations evolved and by the time they got together again in Southern California, they could no longer interbreed and had become two new species of salamanders.Identify the main mode of isolation of eastern and western salamanders in Southern California.

A. The populations evolved separately because they were temporally isolated.
B. The populations evolved separately because they were behaviorally isolated.
C. The populations evolved separately because they were geographically isolated.
D. The populations evolved separately because they were reproductively isolated.

Answers

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Geographical isolation is a term that refers to a population of plants or animals that are separated from mating with the other organisms of the same species.

This is due to the separation of the organism because they are geographically isolated from one another. Here some members of the same species are isolated from the other members of the same species.

The eastern and western salamanders are isolated by each other because of geographical isolation.

Under what conditions can igneous rock be transformed into metamorphic rock?

Answers

When igneous rock is put under extreme heat and pressure it then becomes metamorphic
It is usually under a heat of from 300° to 700°
HEYA !!!
FRIEND YOUR ANSWER IS......

Igneous rock be transformed into metamorphic rock by heat, pressure or any other natural agencies such as intrusion by igneous rocks....



HOPE IT HELPS YOU '_'