Which particle has the least mass alpha,neutron,betas particle,or proton

The enthalpy change (ΔH) for the neutralization of 0.1 moles of 1.0 M NaOH with 0.1 moles of 1.0 M HCl in a coffee-cup calorimeter is approximately 28.05 kJ/mol.

To calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) for the neutralization of HCl by NaOH, you can use the equation:

ΔH = q / moles of limiting reactant

First, let's find the moles of the reactants. We have 100.0 mL of 1.0 M NaOH and 100.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl. Since we know the volumes and concentrations, you can find the moles of each reactant using the formula:

moles = (volume in L) × (concentration in mol/L)

For NaOH:

moles of NaOH = (100.0 mL / 1000 mL/L) × 1.0 mol/L = 0.1 moles

For HCl:

moles of HCl = (100.0 mL / 1000 mL/L) × 1.0 mol/L = 0.1 moles

Now, you need to determine the limiting reactant. The balanced chemical equation for the neutralization of HCl by NaOH is:

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O

The stoichiometric ratio of NaOH to HCl is 1:1, which means they react in a 1:1 ratio. Since both reactants have 0.1 moles, neither is in excess. Therefore, the reactant that limits the reaction is the one that is present in the smaller amount, which is NaOH in this case.

Now, calculate the heat absorbed or released (q) using the equation:

q = mΔTC

Where:

m is the mass (in grams) of the solution, which we can calculate using the density of 1.0 g/cm³ and the volume (in mL).

ΔT is the change in temperature.

C is the specific heat capacity (given as 4.18 J/g°C).

For the volume of 100.0 mL, the mass is 100.0 g (since 100.0 mL = 100.0 g, given the density is 1.0 g/cm³).

ΔT = Final temperature - Initial temperature

ΔT = 31.38°C - 24.68°C = 6.70°C

Now, calculate q for the reaction:

q = 100.0 g × 6.70°C × 4.18 J/g°C = 2804.76 J

Finally, calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) by dividing q by the moles of the limiting reactant:

ΔH = 2804.76 J / 0.1 moles = 28047.6 J/mol

Since the enthalpy change is typically expressed in kJ/mol, divide by 1000 to convert J to kJ:

ΔH = 28.05 kJ/mol

So, the enthalpy change for the neutralization of HCl by NaOH is approximately 28.05 kJ/mol.

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Answer: The correct answer is Option 2.

Explanation:

Covalent bond is defined as the b which is formed by the sharing of electrons between the atoms forming a bond.

Non-polar covalent bond is defined as the bond which is formed when there is no difference in electronegativity between the atoms. When atoms of the same element combine, it results in the formation of non-polar covalent bond. For Example: etc..

For the given options:

• Option 1:  

Hydrogen is the 1st element of the periodic table having electronic configuration

This element needs 1 electron to attain stable electronic configuration and will form single covalent bond with another hydrogen atom.

• Option 2:  

Nitrogen is the 7th element of the periodic table having electronic configuration

This element needs 3 electrons to attain stable electronic configuration and will form triple covalent bond with another nitrogen atom.

• Option 3:  

Oxygen is the 8th element of the periodic table having electronic configuration

This element needs 2 electrons to attain stable electronic configuration and will form double covalent bond with another oxygen atom.

• Option 4:  

Chlorine is the 17th element of the periodic table having electronic configuration

This element needs 1 electron to attain stable electronic configuration and will form single covalent bond with another chlorine atom.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

Sodium has 11 electrons, and in its ground state, 8 of these electrons are located in the second principal energy level.

The total number of electrons in the second principal energy level of a sodium atom in the ground state can be determined by understanding the electron configuration of sodium.

Sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11, which means it has 11 electrons. In the ground state, these electrons are distributed in various energy levels. The second principal energy level, often denoted as n=2, can hold a maximum of 8 electrons. The first energy level, n=1, can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

To find the number of electrons in the second energy level, we first fill the first energy level with 2 electrons and then place the remaining 9 electrons in the second energy level. However, since the second energy level can only hold 8 electrons, sodium's electron configuration in the ground state is 2-8-1, where 2 electrons are in the first energy level, 8 electrons are in the second energy level, and 1 electron is in the third energy level.

So, there are 8 electrons in the second principal energy level of a sodium atom in the ground state.

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Moles are the base unit of atoms, molecules, ions, or any other substance. It is exactly 6.022 × 10²³ entities of any substance. The mole is equal to the ratio of the given mass to the molar mass.

Given that:

Magnesium atoms  =

1 mole of a substance =

Now, calculating the moles of magnesium in the given entity:

Mole =

Mole = 0.05 moles.

Thus, the moles are defined as the base unit of any substance. It was discovered by the scientist Avogadro and is also known as Avogadro's number ().

Therefore, the mole in atoms of Magnesium will be 0.05.

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Answer :

(a) The volume percent is, 50.63 %

(b) The mass percent is, 52.69 %

(c) Molarity is, 9.087 mole/L

(d) Molality is, 17.947 mole/L

(e) Moles fraction of ethylene glycol is, 0.244

Explanation : Given,

Density of ethylene glycol = 1.114 g/mL

Molar mass of ethylene glycol = 62.07 g/mole

Density of water = 1.00 g/mL

Density of solution or mixture = 1.070 g/mL

According to the question, the mixture is made by mixing equal volumes of ethylene glycol and water.

Suppose the volume of each component in the mixture is, 1 mL

First we have to calculate the mass of ethylene glycol.

Now we have to calculate the mass of water.

Now we have to calculate the mass of solution.

Mass of solution = Mass of ethylene glycol + Mass of water

Mass of solution = 1.114 + 1.00 = 2.114 g

Now we have to calculate the volume of solution.

(a) Now we have to calculate the volume percent.

(b) Now we have to calculate the mass percent.

(c) Now we have to calculate the molarity.

(d) Now we have to calculate the molality.

(e) Now we have to calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol.