CHEMISTRY COLLEGE

VSEPR theory predicts that an atom with one lone pair and three bonding pairs (such as the N-atom in aniline) will have a tetrahedral electron geometry and a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry due to steric repulsions between H-atoms and the N-atom lone pair. However, in question 5 you observed that the N-atom in aniline is not perfectly sp3 hybridized (i.e. the hybridization is different from that predicted for a tetrahedral electron geometry). Briefly describe all of the factors that result in the calculated hybridization of the N-atom lone pair

Answers

Answer 1
Answer:

Answer: The lone pair of electron on nitrogen is accommodated in a 2p orbital hence it interacts with the pi system in aniline.

Explanation:

Aniline is less basic than amines. This is because, the nitrogen atom in aniline is not purely sp3 hybridized. Its actual hybrization state is closer to sp2 because the lone pair on nitrogen is accommodated in a 2p orbital. The nitrogen atim in aniline is planar and its

lonely pair interacts with the pi electron system of aniline. This makes the lone pair unavailable for protonation hence aniline is less basic than amines.
Answer 2
Answer:

Final answer:

The calculated hybridization of the N-atom lone pair in aniline is affected by electron-electron repulsions, resonance, and steric effects from substituents on the aromatic ring.

Explanation:

The calculated hybridization of the N-atom lone pair in aniline is different from the predicted sp3 hybridization due to a combination of factors:

  1. The presence of a lone pair on the nitrogen atom leads to electron-electron repulsions, causing distortions in the molecule's geometry.
  2. The lone pair on the nitrogen atom can participate in resonance, resulting in delocalization of electrons and a change in hybridization.
  3. The presence of the substituents on the aromatic ring can affect the hybridization of the N-atom lone pair by exerting steric effects.

Overall, these factors contribute to the observed hybridization of the N-atom lone pair in aniline, deviating from the predicted tetrahedral electron geometry.

Learn more about Hybridization of N-atom lone pair here:

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Based on your Lewis structures for the postlab assignment, which molecules below have a three dimensional structure? (Select all that apply.)(A) CO2
(B) H2S
(C) SO3
(D) PCl3
(E) CH2Cl2
(F) NO2

Answers

Answer:

D and E

Explanation:

D. PCl3

E. CH2Cl2

.Which statement describes the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?In codominance, only one allele is expressed in the offspring; In incomplete dominance, both alleles are expressed in the offspring.
In codominance, both allels are expressed in the offspring; In incomplete dominance, only one allele is expressed in the offspring.
In codominance, both alleles are expressed in the offspring; in incomplete dominance, the offspring demonstrate an intermediate form of the alleles from the parents.
In codominance, the offspring demonstrate an intermediate form of the alleles from the parents; in incomplete dominance, both alleles are expressed in the offspring.

Answers

Answer:

C Because im in 3rd grade and just did the test

Explanation:

im smart im in third grade but your doing this in college

Answer:

answer is c: In codominance, both alleles are expressed in the offspring; in incomplete dominance, the offspring demonstrate an intermediate form of the alleles from the parents.

Explanation:

When baking soda (sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3) is heated, it releases carbon dioxide gas, which is responsible for the rising of cookies, doughnuts, and bread. a) Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of the compound (one of the products is Na2CO3).
b) Calculate the mass of NaHCO3 required to produce 20.5 g of CO2.

Answers

Answer:

a. NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H₂O + CO₂

b. 39.14 g is the mass of NaHCO₃ required to produce 20.5 moles of CO₂

Explanation:

A possible reaction for NaHCO₃ to make dioxide is this one, when it reacts with hydrochloric to produce the mentioned gas.

NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H₂O + CO₂

Ratio in this reaction is 1:1

So 1 mol of baking soda, produce 1 mol of CO₂

Let's calculate the moles

20.5 g CO₂ / 44 g/m = 0.466 moles

This moles of gas came from the same moles of salt.

Molar mass baking soda = 84 g/m

Molar mass . moles = mass

84 g/m .  0.466 moles = 39.14 g

The Michael reaction is a conjugate addition process wherein a nucleophilic enolate anion (the donor) reacts with an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound (the acceptor). The best Michael reactions are those that take place when a particularly stable enolate anion is formed via treatment of the donor with a strong base. Alternatively, milder conditions can be used if an enamine is chosen as the donor, this variant is termed the Stork reaction. In the second step, the donor adds to the β-carbon of the acceptor in a conjugate addition, generating a new enolate. The enolate abstracts a proton from solvent or from a new donor molecule to give the conjugate addition product. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism.

Answers

Answer:

See the attached file for the structure

Explanation:

See the attached file

An aqueous CsCl solution is 8.00 wt% CsCl and has a density of 1.0643 g/mL at 20°C. What is the boiling point of this solution? Kb = 0.51°C/m for water. Enter your answer with 2 decimal places and no units.

Answers

Answer: The boiling point of solution is 100.53

Explanation:

We are given:

8.00 wt % of CsCl

This means that 8.00 grams of CsCl is present in 100 grams of solution

Mass of solvent = (100 - 8) g = 92 grams

The equation used to calculate elevation in boiling point follows:

\Delta T_b=\text{Boiling point of solution}-\text{Boiling point of pure solution}

To calculate the elevation in boiling point, we use the equation:

\Delta T_b=iK_bm

Or,

\text{Boiling point of solution}-\text{Boiling point of pure solution}=i* K_b* \frac{m_(solute)* 1000}{M_(solute)* W_(solvent)\text{ (in grams)}}

where,

Boiling point of pure solution = 100°C

i = Vant hoff factor = 2 (For CsCl)

K_b = molal boiling point elevation constant = 0.51°C/m

m_(solute) = Given mass of solute (CsCl) = 8.00 g

M_(solute) = Molar mass of solute (CsCl) = 168.4  g/mol

W_(solvent) = Mass of solvent (water) = 92 g

Putting values in above equation, we get:

\text{Boiling point of solution}-100=2* 0.51^oC/m* (8.00* 1000)/(168.4g/mol* 92)\n\n\text{Boiling point of solution}=100.53^oC

Hence, the boiling point of solution is 100.53

1. Thein an atom of that element.
number of an element equals the number of protons
2. The exact position of the electrons of an atom cannot be determined because they are
in constant
to the nucleus of an atom have the least
3. The electrons
amount of energy
4. The number of
bonds that atom can form.
in an atom tells you how many chemical

Answers

Answer:

1. Proton = electron if the element is not in an ionic state

proton = atomic number

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