The Principle Quantum Number describes what aspect of electron orbitals?a) shape.
b) orientation.
c) spin.
d) energy level.

The number of protons in one atom of an element determines the atom’s atomicnumber.

What is atomic number?

The atomicnumber is the number of protons present basically in an atom's nucleus. The number of protons characterize the individuality of an element i.e., an element with 6 protons is a carbonatom, no matter however many neutrons may be prevalent.

The massnumber of an element is determined by the number of protons and neutrons combined: mass number = protons + neutrons.

To determine the number of neutrons in an atom, subtract the number of protons, or atomic number, from the mass number.

The atomic number is the number of protons in a nucleus that always equals the number of electrons in orbit around that nucleus (in a nonionized atom).

Thus, it can be concluded that the atomicnumber is determined by the number of protons in atom.

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The number of protons in one atom of an element determines the atom's identity, and the number of electrons determines its electrical charge. The atomic number tells you the number of protons in one atom of an element. It also tells you the number of electrons in a neutral atom of that element.

Answer is (1) - less mass and greater penetrating power.

Alpha particle is a ₂⁴He nucleus while beta particles are electrons. Hence, the mass of alpha particle is greater than the mass of beta particle. But, the penetrating power is higher in beta particle than alpha particle. Alpha particles can be blocked by few papers but beta particles can go through those papers.

Answer: A beta particle has less mass and greater penetrating power.

Explanation:

Penetrating power is the power with which a particle travels or pass through a  substance.

Since, it is known that mass of an alpha particle () is more than the mass of a beta particle (). So, a particle that holds less mass can move easily from one place to another.

Therefore, beta particle can move faster as it has only one electron as compared to 2 protons of an alpha particle. Hence, interaction of beta particles is less with the atoms or materials through which it passes.

Therefore, we can conclude that compared to the mass and the penetrating power of an alpha particle, a beta particle has less mass and greater penetrating power.

Final answer:

HCl is the most polar bond, as greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polar the bond. Here, Chlorine is more electronegative than Hydrogen, Bromine, and Iodine, making the HCl bond most polar.

Explanation:

The most polar bond in the list provided is HCl. Polarity in bonds is determined by the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms in the bond. The greater the electronegativity difference, the more polar the bond. Chlorine (Cl) is more electronegative than Hydrogen (H), Bromine (Br), and Iodine (I), and so the bond between Cl and H is the most polar. The other three options (Cl2, HBr, HI) are either bonds between atoms of the same element (and therefore nonpolar because the electrons are shared equally) or are less polar due to the lower electronegativity difference.

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