The molecules CH4 and CH3Cl both have tetrahedral shapes. Why is CH4 nonpolar whereas CH3Cl is polar?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Both CH4 and CH3Cl have tetrahedral shapes, the presence of a more electronegative atom (chlorine) in CH3Cl leads to an uneven distribution of electron density and gives it a polar nature, whereas CH4 remains nonpolar due to the symmetric distribution of electron density among the identical hydrogen atoms.

The polarity of a molecule is determined by the presence of polar bonds and the molecular geometry of the molecule.

In both CH4 (methane) and CH3Cl (chloromethane), the central carbon atom is surrounded by four other atoms, which gives them a tetrahedral shape.

In CH4, all four surrounding atoms are hydrogen (H) atoms. Hydrogen and carbon have similar electronegativity values, meaning the shared electrons in the carbon-hydrogen bonds are equally attracted to both atoms.

This results in a nonpolar molecule since the electron distribution is symmetrical around the central carbon atom.

In CH3Cl, one of the hydrogen atoms in CH4 is replaced by a chlorine (Cl) atom. Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon, creating an unequal sharing of electrons in the carbon-chlorine bond.

The chlorine atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly, creating a partial negative charge (δ-) on the chlorine and a partial positive charge (δ+) on the carbon.

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Answer 2

Answer: Because in CH4 the valence electrons of Carbon are being pulled away from the nucleus with the same force (since all hydrogen has the same electronegativity).So charges are equally distributed throughout the atom and the atom is non-polar. In CH3Cl Cl has a different electronegativity than H, so charges aren't equally distributed and therefore the molecule is polar.

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3. 56 g of N₂ reacts 9 g of H₂ in a closed vessel to form NH3. Which reactant is left in excess and how 2207 much? 1) N₂, 10. g +3th = 2013/ (3) N₂, 14 g (2) H₂, 4 g (4) H₂,3 g N₂- to d A

Answers

Answer: the reactant left in excess is H₂, and the amount of excess H₂ is 4.5 moles - 3 moles = 1.5 moles.

Explanation: Moles of N₂ = mass of N₂ / molar mass of N₂

Moles of N₂ = 56 g / 28 g/mol = 2 moles

Moles of H₂ = mass of H₂ / molar mass of H₂

Moles of H₂ = 9 g / 2 g/mol = 4.5 moles

When astronomers observe distant galaxies, they can tell the most of them are moving away from one another. In addition, the more distant the galaxies, the more rapidly they are likely to be moving away from each other. Can you devise a hypothesis to explain these observation?

Answers

It could be because something much larger that we have yet to discover is pulling objects to it like a black hole of something else that we can't see with the human eye.

Final answer:

An appropriate hypothesis explaining the observation of distant galaxies moving away from each other, and that they do so more rapidly the further they are can be found in the Big Bang Theory. This theory suggests our universe began with a 'big bang' causing galaxies to move away from each other, a process which continues today.

Explanation:

Based on the observations mentioned, an appropriate hypothesis might involve the Big Bang Theory. This theory in physics and astronomy assumes that our universe started from a singularity - a very high-density and high-temperature state. The Big Bang Theory suggests that after the initial explosion, the galaxies began moving away from each other, a process which continues till today.

The farther a galaxy is from us, the faster it's receding, which is known as Hubble's Law. This observed phenomenon matches with the theory's premise, providing validating evidence for the Big Bang.

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A rigid cylinder with a movable piston contains 50.0 liters of a gas at 30.0 degree C with a pressure of 1.00 atmosphere. What is the volume of the gas in the cylinder at STP?(1) 5.49 L (3) 55.5 L
(2) 45.0 L (4) 455 L

Answers

Charles law states that volume of a gas is directly proportional to temperature at constant pressure for a fixed amount of gas. the pressure at given conditions is 1.00 atm and the standard pressure at STP conditions too is 1.00 atm therefore pressure remains constant.
V1/T1 = V2/T2
the parameters for the first instance are on the left side and parameters at STP are on the right side of the equation.
T1 - temperature in kelvin - 273 + 30.0 °C = 303 K
T2 - standard temperature - 273 K
V1 - volume - 50.0 L
substituting the values in the equation
50.0 L / 303 K = V / 273 K V = 45.0 L
answer is 2) 45.0 L

Answer: The volume of the gas at STP is 45.0 L. hence the correct answer is option(2).

Explanation:

Initial volume of the gas, $V_1$ = 50.0 L

Initial temperature of the gas $T_1$ = $30.0^oC=30+273 K=303 K$

$0^oC=273 K$

Final volume of the gas, $V_2$ = ?

At STP, the value of temperature is 273 K.

Final temperature of the gas $T_2$ = 273 H

Charles' Law: The volume is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas at constant pressure and number of moles.

$V\propto T$ (At constant pressure and number of moles)

$(V_1)/(T_1)=(V_2)/(T_2)$

$V_2=(V_1* T_2)/(T_1)=(50.0 L* 273 K)/(303 K)=45.0495 L\approx 45.0 L$

The volume of the gas at STP is 45.0 L. hence the correct answer is option(2).

CaSO3 (s) → → → → CaO (s) + SO2 (g)

What mass of CaSO3 must have been present initially to produce 14.5 L of SO2 gas at a temperature of 12.5°C and a pressure of 1.10 atm?

Answers

Using the ideal gas law, the number of moles SO2 is equal to PV/RT, or pressure times volume divided by the gas constant and temperature. This is 14.5*1.1/((2.5+279.15)*.082), or 0.66 moles. Since one mole CaSO3 is consumed for every mole SO2 generated, 0.66 moles of CaSO3 are consumed. CaSO3 has a molar mass of 40+32+16*3=120 grams, so .66 moles of CaSO3 is equal to 80 grams, our final answer.

Which best describes the effect of J. J. Thomson’s discovery?

Answers

The correct answer for the question that is being presented above is this one: "A. The accepted model of the atom was changed." J J Thomson discovered the electrons and performed experiment using the cathode ray tube
Here are the following choices:
A. The accepted model of the atom was changed.
B. The accepted model of the atom was supported.
C. Cathode ray tubes were no longer used in experiments due to poor results.
D. Cathode ray tubes became the only instrument of use in the study of atoms

2. how are firefighters expected to deal with them

Answers

Expected to deal with what? Fires?

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