The strength of intermolecular forces of attraction varies depending on the type of molecules involved. In general, the order of increasing strength of intermolecular forces is as follows:
1. **London Dispersion Forces (Van der Waals Forces):** These are the weakest intermolecular forces and occur in all molecules. They are caused by temporary fluctuations in electron distribution, leading to temporary partial charges. London dispersion forces are stronger in larger and more polarizable molecules.
2. **Dipole-Dipole Forces:** These forces occur between polar molecules with permanent dipoles. They are stronger than London dispersion forces and result from the attraction between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another.
3. **Hydrogen Bonding:** This is the strongest type of intermolecular force. It occurs when hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and is attracted to another electronegative atom in a different molecule. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the unique properties of substances like water and ammonia.
So, hydrogen bonding generally represents the strongest intermolecular force of attraction among these three types. However, it's important to note that the actual strength of these forces can also depend on factors such as molecular size, shape, and temperature.
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Answer: The correct answer is Option D.
Explanation:
Atomic radius is defined as the total distance from the nucleus to outermost orbital of the electron.
As moving from top to bottom, new shell is added around the nucleus. The outermost orbital gets far away from the nucleus and hence, the distance between the nucleus and outermost orbital gets increased.
Thus, the atomic radii of the elements increases as we move from top to bottom in a group.
Hence, the correct answer is Option D.
Answer:
0
Explanation:
The number of unpaired electrons in is 0
Answer:
4 unpaired electrons
Explanation:
becausd it have 4 unpaired electros it is paramagnetic
B. metalloid.
C. nonmetal.
D. transition metal.
Figure 11 shows the results
time taken for amylase to produce glucose (s)
Test 4
120
125
110
115
Figure 11
() Calculate the rate of amylase enzyme activity for the 10% starch solution.
Answer:
Phenolphthalein is an indicator. It is pink in alkaline solutions and turns colourless as the pH decreases.
It can be used to measure the activity of the enzyme lipase on the breakdown of lipids.
Samples of milk containing phenolphthalein were incubated with lipase at different temperatures.
The time taken for the phenolphthalein to turn colourless was recorded and used to calculate the rate of enzyme activity.
Figure 10 shows these results.
Picture
(a) (i) Explain why phenolphthalein turns colourless when lipase breaks down the lipids in milk. (2)
(ii) Describe the effect of temperature on the activity of lipase, as shown in Figure 10. (2)
(iii) Explain why the activity of lipase changes above a temperature of 40°C. (2)
(b) A student investigated the time taken for amylase to breakdown a 10% starch solution into glucose at 37°C. The student repeated the investigation five times.
To calculate the rate of amylase enzyme activity for the 10% starch solution, divide the time taken for amylase to produce glucose by the total time elapsed. For each test, this rate can be expressed as the number of glucose molecules produced per unit of time.
The rate of amylase enzyme activity for the 10% starch solution can be calculated by determining the time taken for amylase to produce glucose. In this investigation, the time taken for amylase to break down the starch solution into glucose was recorded in seconds. To find the rate, divide the amount of glucose produced (in this case, the time taken) by the total time elapsed. For example, for Test 4, the time taken was 120 seconds. The rate of amylase enzyme activity can then be expressed as 1 glucose molecule produced per 120 seconds.
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(2) iron(III) sulfate (4) iron(III) sulfide
The IUPAC name for the compound FeS is "iron(II) sulfide." Therefore, option 3 is correct.
The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) name is a systematic way of naming chemical compounds.
The compound FeS consists of iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) atoms. In FeS, iron has a +2 oxidation state, and sulfur has a -2 oxidation state.
According to the IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming inorganic compounds, the cation (iron) is named first, followed by the anion (sulfide).
To indicate the oxidation state of iron, the Roman numeral II is used in parentheses after the name "iron." The resulting name is "iron(II) sulfide."
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