b. muscles and skin
c. bones and teeth
d. stomach and small intestine
b. lowered body temperature.
c. allergens.
d. bacteria.
All of the following are factors in upper respiratory diseases except viruses.
Inflammation and obstruction from allergicrhinitis or asthma can predispose to infections. The incidence of contracting a URI is increased because of exposure to large numbers of individuals in closedsettings.
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b. disinfectant
c. anti-inflammatories
d. immune system
Answer:
d. immune system
Explanation:
Depending on the nature of the infectious agent, the immune response will use its most effective resources. In viral infections different mechanisms develop, both against the free virus and against the infected cell.
Viruses need the cellular machinery they infect to synthesize their proteins. They are intracellular parasites that depend on the infected cell to be able to carry out their replication. Viruses generally have very simple forms, composed of proteins and a nucleic acid, although their structure and composition is very variable. They are classified by virtue of the nucleic acid they carry in: DNA and RNA viruses, and by their form and structure in different families
The most active natural response mechanisms against viral infections are mediated by interferon and the activation of NK cells. These mechanisms are more directed towards infected cells.
Interferon is a cytokine of which three types are known, called: α, β and γ. The first two are mainly produced by monocyte-macrophages and to a lesser extent by fibroblasts, while interferon γ is produced by CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes and NK cells. Interferon has a great antiviral capacity, inducing different mechanisms, such as: transient resistance of cells inducing different molecules with antiviral activity, activating genes that express antiviral proteins and increasing the expression of SLA I and SLA II.
Conception, or fertilization, occurs when the male gamete (sperm) fertilizes the female gamete (egg) to form a zygote. The sperm undergoes acrosomal reactions to penetrate the egg's protective layer, allowing the sperm and egg nuclei to fuse together and create a diploid genome.
Conception, also known as fertilization, is the biological process where the male gamete (sperm) fertilizes the female gamete (egg) to form a zygote, the initial stage of a developing organism. This process happens when a sperm cell from the male penetrates an egg cell from the female. In mammals, this usually happens in the oviduct, a part of the female reproductive system. To achieve this, the sperm undergoes a series of biochemical events called the acrosomal reactions, which allow the sperm to penetrate the protective layer of the egg, called the zona pellucida. This leads to the fusion of the sperm and egg plasma membranes, allowing the sperm nucleus to transfer into the ovum. As a result, the sperm and egg haploid genomes condense to form a diploid genome.
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B. Polycythemia
C. Thalassemia
D. Thrombocytopenia