Consider a random sample of ten children selected from a population of infants receiving antacids that contain aluminum, in order to treat peptic or digestive disorders. The distribution of plasma aluminum levels is known to be approximately normal; however its mean u and standard deviation o are not known. The mean aluminum level for the sample of n = 10 infants is found to be X = 37.20 ug/l and the sample standard deviation is s = 7.13 ug/1. Furthermore, the mean plasma aluminum level for the population of infants not receiving antacids is known to be only 4.13 ug/1.(a) Formulate the null hypothesis and complementary alternative hypothesis, for a two-sided test of whether the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is equal to the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.(b) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids.(c) Calculate the p-value of this sample (as best as possible), at the a=.05 significance level.(d) Based on your answers in parts (b) and (c), is the null hypothesis rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis, at the a = .05 significance level? Interpret your conclusion: What exactly has been demonstrated, based on the empirical evidence?(e) With the knowledge that significantly elevated plasma aluminum levels are toxic to human beings, reformulate the null hypothesis and complementary alternative hypothesis, for the appropriate one-sided test of the mean plasma aluminum levels. With the same sample data as above, how does the new p-value compare with that found in part (c), and what is the resulting conclusion and interpretation?

Answer:

a. Null hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is equal to the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.

Complementary alternative hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is different from the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.

b. (32.1, 42.3)

c. p-value < .00001

d. The null hypothesis is rejected at the α=0.05 significance level

e. Reformulated null hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is equal to the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.

Reformulated complementary alternative hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is higher than the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.

p-value equals < .00001. The null hypothesis is rejected at the α=0.05 significance level. This suggests that being given antacidsgreatly increases the plasma aluminum levels of children.

Step-by-step explanation:

a. Null hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is equal to the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.

Complementary alternative hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is different from the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids. This may imply that being given antacids significantly changes the plasma aluminum level of infants.

b. Since the population standard deviation σ is unknown, we must use the t distribution to find 95% confidence limits for μ. For a t distribution with 10-1=9 degrees of freedom, 95% of the observations lie between -2.262 and 2.262. Therefore, replacing σ with s, a 95% confidence interval for the population mean μ is:

(X bar - 2.262\frac{s}{\sqrt{10} } , X bar + 2.262\frac{s}{\sqrt{10} })

Substituting in the values of X bar and s, the interval becomes:

(37.2 - 2.262\frac{7.13}{\sqrt{10} } , 37.2 + 2.262\frac{7.13}{\sqrt{10} })

or (32.1, 42.3)

c. To calculate p-value of the sample , we need to calculate the t-statistics which equals:

t=\frac{(Xbar-u)}{\frac{s}{\sqrt{10} } } = \frac{(37.2-4.13)}{\frac{7.13}{\sqrt{10} } } = 14.67.

Given two-sided test and degrees of freedom = 9, the p-value equals < .00001, which is less than 0.05.

d. The mean plasma aluminum level for the population of infants not receiving antacids is 4.13 ug/l - not a plausible value of mean plasma aluminum level for the population of infants receiving antacids. The 95% confidence interval for the population mean of infants receiving antacids is (32.1, 42.3) and does not cover the value 4.13. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected at the α=0.05 significance level. This suggests that being given antacids greatly changes the plasma aluminum levels of children.

e. Reformulated null hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is equal to the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.

Reformulated complementary alternative hypothesis: The mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants receiving antacids is higher than the mean plasma aluminum level of the population of infants not receiving antacids.

Given one-sided test and degree of freedom = 9, the p-value equals < .00001, which is less than 0.05. This result is similar to result in part (c). the null hypothesis is rejected at the α=0.05 significance level. This suggests that being given antacids greatly increases the plasma aluminum levels of children.